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. 2021 Mar 26;7:60. doi: 10.1038/s41420-021-00424-0

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© The Author(s) 2021

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 1 — A Western blot results illustrated the neuronal expression of either HIV-1 viral protein, Tat, or Nef, resulted in decreased protein levels of BAG3. B Immunocytochemistry analysis validated the reduction in BAG3 protein when compared to control conditions. C qPCR results further confirmed the effect of HIV-1 viral proteins on BAG3, demonstrating a significant decrease in its RNA following Tat or Nef expression. D Live-cell microscopy indicated significantly increased ROS in neurons exposed to either Tat or Nef. E Results from the frontal cortex of two HIV animal models indicated minor decreases in BAG3 protein were maintained in vivo, particularly in Tg26 mice. F qPCR results indicated significant in vivo reductions in BAG3 RNA across both HIV animal models. **p < 0.01; ***p < 0.001. Scale bar equals 50 μM; ×20 magnification. Scale bar equals 20 μM; ×60 magnification.