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. 2021 Mar 26;11:186. doi: 10.1038/s41398-021-01303-z

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© The Author(s) 2021

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 6 — Environmental factors such as chronic stress upregulate PTEN expression in central 5-HT neurons and reduce its functions leading to the onset of depression. Conversely, deletion of Pten gene or reducing its expression in the 5-HT neurons may restore its functional and structural plasticity and display antidepressant effects, possibly via enhancing adult neurogenesis and BDNF levels in the hippocampus.