Table 1. Patient and Hospital Characteristics by Race/Ethnicity.
| Characteristica | No. (%) | P valueb | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| White (n = 734 958) | Black (n = 84 544) | Hispanic (n = 47 588) | ||
| Transferred | 20 171 (2.7) | 1913 (2.3) | 1062 (2.2) | <.001 |
| Length of stay prior to transfer, median (IQR), d | 2 (1-4) | 2 (1-5) | 2 (1-5) | <.001 |
| Disease | ||||
| AMI | 147 875 (20.1) | 12 752 (15.1) | 8330 (17.5) | <.001 |
| Stroke | 171 416 (23.3) | 22 718 (26.9) | 9851 (20.7) | <.001 |
| Respiratory disease | 69 759 (9.5) | 6794 (8.0) | 4115 (8.7) | <.001 |
| Sepsis | 345 908 (47.1) | 42 280 (50.0) | 25 292 (53.2) | <.001 |
| Patient-level characteristic | ||||
| Sex | ||||
| Men | 344 850 (46.9) | 35 622 (42.1) | 22 013 (46.3) | <.001 |
| Women | 390 108 (53.1) | 48 922 (57.9) | 25 575 (53.7) | |
| Age, y | ||||
| 65-74 | 210 634 (28.7) | 31 195 (36.9) | 15 491 (32.6) | <.001 |
| 75-84 | 265 820 (36.2) | 29 892 (35.4) | 17 987 (37.8) | |
| ≥85 | 258 504 (35.2) | 23 457 (27.8) | 14 110 (29.7) | |
| Medicaid coinsurance | 131 206 (17.9) | 39 829 (47.1) | 29 541 (62.1) | <.001 |
| Median income by zip code quartilec | ||||
| 1st (lowest) | 162 912 (22.6) | 39 839 (48.7) | 17 086 (36.9) | <.001 |
| 2nd | 186 325 (25.8) | 17 668 (21.6) | 10 477 (22.6) | |
| 3rd | 187 292 (25.9) | 14 100 (17.2) | 10 956 (23.7) | |
| 4th | 185 394 (25.7) | 10 267 (12.5) | 7753 (16.8) | |
| DRG weight quartile | ||||
| 1st | 42 389 (5.8) | 7031 (8.3) | 2006 (4.2) | <.001 |
| 2nd | 201 952 (27.5) | 22 793 (27.0) | 12 716 (26.7) | |
| 3rd | 331 996 (45.2) | 37 038 (43.8) | 21 886 (46.0) | |
| 4th | 158 621 (21.6) | 17 682 (20.9) | 10 980 (23.1) | |
| HCC score summary, mean (SD) | 3.31 (1.82) | 3.99 (2.23) | 3.77 (2.1) | <.001 |
| No. of admissions, prior year (2012) | ||||
| 0 | 565 260 (76.9) | 63 274 (74.9 | 38 925 (81.8) | <.001 |
| 1 | 99 455 (13.5) | 11 422 (13.5) | 4944 (10.4) | |
| 2-3 | 54 961 (7.5) | 7213 (8.5) | 2828 (5.9) | |
| ≥4 | 15 282 (2.1) | 2635 (3.1) | 891 (1.9) | |
| Season of admission | ||||
| Quarter 1 (January-March) | 203 860 (26.7) | 22 910 (26.9) | 12 824 (27.0) | .002 |
| Quarter 2 (April-June) | 186 349 (24.5) | 21 164 (24.8) | 11 578 (24.3) | |
| Quarter 3 (July-September) | 180 969 (23.7) | 20 311 (23.8) | 11 300 (23.8) | |
| Quarter 4 (October-December) | 191 073 (25.1) | 20 948 (24.6) | 11 886 (25.0) | |
| Index hospital-level characteristic | ||||
| No. of beds | ||||
| Small (<99) | 65 122 (8.9) | 4573 (5.4) | 2688 (5.7) | <.001 |
| Medium (100-399) | 431 625 (58.7) | 42 896 (50.7) | 27 473 (57.7) | |
| Large (>400) | 238 211 (32.4) | 37 075 (43.9) | 17 427 (36.6) | |
| Geographic region | ||||
| Northeast | 150 848 (20.5) | 12 639 (15.0) | 7522 (15.8) | <.001 |
| Midwest | 181 282 (24.7) | 17 303 (20.5) | 3775 (7.9) | |
| South | 287 804 (39.2) | 48 039 (56.8) | 19 305 (40.6) | |
| West | 115 024 (15.7) | 6563 (7.8) | 16 986 (35.7) | |
| Ownership | ||||
| For profit | 96 139 (13.1) | 13 834 (16.4) | 13 318 (28.0) | <.001 |
| Not-for profit | 564 659 (76.8) | 59 168 (70.0) | 29 307 (61.6) | |
| Public | 74 160 (10.1) | 11 542 (13.7) | 4963 (10.4) | |
| Teaching status | ||||
| Major | 115 833 (15.8) | 21 357 (25.3) | 7260 (15.3) | <.001 |
| Minor | 256 294 (34.9) | 28 723 (34.0) | 15 572 (32.7) | |
| Nonteaching | 362 831 (49.4) | 34 464 (40.8) | 24 756 (52.0) | |
| Rural-urban commuting area–level characteristic | ||||
| Metropolitan | 357 132 (48.6) | 40 771 (48.2) | 16 981 (35.7) | <.001 |
| Nonmetro | ||||
| Micropolitan | 61 744 (8.4) | 4817 (5.7) | 1599 (3.4) | |
| Small town | 14 503 (12.0) | 1292 (1.5) | 599 (1.3) | |
| Rural area | 163 144 (22.2) | 15 486 (18.3) | 13 864 (29.1) | |
| Missing | 138 435 (18.8) | 22 178 (26.2) | 14 545 (30.6) | |
| Presence of a certified trauma centerd | 362 812 (55.1) | 42 255 (55.5) | 23 318 (57.6) | <.001 |
| Presence of intensive care unit | ||||
| Medicald | 643 572 (97.7) | 74 980 (98.5) | 39 347 (97.1) | <.001 |
| Cardiacd | 434 038 (65.9) | 54 903 (72.2) | 26 471 (65.3) | <.001 |
| Presence of cardiac surgical servicesd | 442 787 (67.2) | 52 040 (68.4) | 29 271 (72.3) | <.001 |
| Presence of adult interventional cardiac catheterizationd | 539 230 (81.8) | 61 941 (81.4) | 33 742 (83.3) | <.001 |
| Composite score of other hospital specialty services, mean (SD) | 29.4 (13.3) | 30.7 (14.1) | 27.2 (14.5) | <.001 |
| Case mix index, mean (SD) | 1.59 (0.24) | 1.62 (0.27) | 1.61 (0.22) | <.001 |
Abbreviations: AMI, acute myocardial infarction; DRG, diagnosis related group; HCC, hierarchical condition category; IQR, interquartile range.
a
Columns may not add to 100% owing to missing data.
b
P value reported from Rao-Scott χ2 testing for categorical variables and analysis of variance testing for continuous variables, except length of stay, which was compared using Kruskal-Wallis testing.
c
Data missing for 13 035 White patients (1.8%), 2670 Black patients (3.2%), and 1316 Hispanic patients (2.8%).
d
Data missing for 75 999 White patients (10.3%), 8444 Black patients (10.0%), and 7078 Hispanic patients (14.9%).