Figure 1.

Ketogenic diet enhanced the severity of carbon tetrachloride (CCl₄)-induced liver fibrosis. (A) Study design of the in vivo experiment. (B) Serum samples were collected at the end of the experiment, and the serum alanine aminotransferase (ALT) was assessed. (C) Representative results from Western blot analyses of α-SMA expression and (D) qPCR analyses of α-SMA, Col1a2, transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β), and Desmin gene expression. (E) Representative hematoxylin and eosin (H&E), Sirius red, and Masson’s trichrome staining images of liver tissues. Scale bars: 0.1 mm. **, p < 0.01; ***, p < 0.001 vs. white bar. #, p < 0.05; ##, p < 0.01 vs. black bar. N = 5 in each group. Data are shown as means ± SEM.