Figure 12.

DMF treatment was associated with higher VCAM-1 and ICAM-1 expression in the brains of SIV-infected macaques. (A,B) No significant differences in the GFAP expression were observed in individual regions or overall in the brains with DMF treatment. (C) A significant increase in VCAM-1 expression in the cerebellum (Student’s unpaired t-test, ** p < 0.01) and in the overall mean expression (D) with DMF treatment (Student’s paired t-test, ** p < 0.01). (E) A significant increase in the ICAM-1 expression in the parietal and occipital cortexes (Student’s unpaired t-test, * p < 0.05) and in the overall mean expression (F) with DMF treatment (Student’s paired t-test, ** p < 0.01). Eleven brain regions from 9 SIV-infected rhesus macaques (4 untreated animals and 5 DMF-treated (90 mg total DMF daily)) were analyzed using Western blotting. In the right panels, each dot represents the mean expression of one brain region from all animals in the group. Fc: frontal cortex, 3^rdV: third ventricle, Th: thalamus, Pc: parietal cortex, SWM: subcortical white matter, Cr: cerebellum, Bs: brainstem, Bg: basal ganglia, CN: caudate nuclei, Tc: temporal cortex, Oc: occipital cortex. All values are expressed as mean ± SEM.