Table 1.
Comparisons of participants’ clinical characteristics between subjects with and without nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD).
| Variables | NAFLD | p-Value | |
|---|---|---|---|
| No (n = 4052) | Yes (n = 1915) | ||
| Age, years | 45.1 ± 12.3 | 48.3 ± 11.1 | <0.001 |
| Male | 1993 (49.2%) | 1392 (72.7%) | <0.001 |
| BMI, kg/m2 | 22.5 ± 2.6 | 26.7 ± 3.2 | <0.001 |
| SBP, mmHg | 111.7 ± 15.3 | 121.3 ± 15.9 | <0.001 |
| DBP, mmHg | 65.8 ± 9.8 | 72.4 ± 10.5 | <0.001 |
| FPG, mg/dL | 88.2 ± 15.9 | 96.8 ± 24.6 | <0.001 |
| ALT, U/L | 22.8 ± 13.7 | 40.1 ± 26.2 | <0.001 |
| AST, U/L | 22.4 ± 8.9 | 28.1 ± 15.9 | <0.001 |
| Cholesterol, mg/dL | 191.8 ± 35.8 | 205.5 ± 36.1 | <0.001 |
| Triglyceride, mg/dL | 102.8 ± 58.8 | 169.1 ± 102.9 | <0.001 |
| HDL-C, mg/dL | 53.2 ± 13.7 | 43.2 ± 10.2 | <0.001 |
| Cholesterol/HDL-C | 3.8 ± 1.2 | 5.0 ± 1.3 | <0.001 |
| Creatinine, mg/dL | 0.85 ± 0.41 | 0.91 ± 0.22 | <0.001 |
| Uric acid, mg/dL | 5.6 ± 1.4 | 6.7 ± 1.5 | <0.001 |
| Hypertension | 307 (7.6%) | 353 (18.4%) | <0.001 |
| Diabetes mellitus | 185 (4.6%) | 295 (15.4%) | <0.001 |
| Alcohol consumption amount, g/week | 12.0 ± 27.0 | 14.1 ± 25.8 | <0.001 |
| Cumulative exposure of smoking, pack-year | 3.3 ± 9.4 | 5.9 ± 13.9 | 0.003 |
| Exercise ≥3/week | 492 (12.1%) | 211 (11.1%) | 0.209 |
| Betel nut chewing, non-chewing | 3882 (95.8%) | 1772 (92.5%) | <0.001 |
| Ex-chewing | 129 (3.2%) | 89 (4.6%) | |
| Current chewing | 41 (1.0%) | 54 (2.8%) | |
| Duration of betel nut use, years | 0.40 ± 2.4 | 0.81 ± 3.6 | <0.001 |
| Duration of betel nut use, none | 3882 (95.8%) | 1772 (92.5%) | <0.001 |
| ≤10 years | 123 (3.0%) | 96 (5.0%) | |
| >10 years | 47(1.2%) | 47 (3.5%) | |
| Quantity of betel nut use per day | 0.56 ± 3.5 | 0.94 ± 4.1 | <0.001 |
| Quantity of betel nut use, none | 3882 (95.8%) | 1772 (92.6%) | <0.001 |
| ≤5 pieces/day | 39 (1.0%) | 32 (1.7%) | |
| >5 pieces/day | 131 (3.2%) | 111 (5.8%) | |
| Cumulative exposure of betel nut, piece-year | 6.7 ± 62.3 | 11.9 ± 68.7 | <0.001 |
| Cumulative exposure, none | 3882 (95.8%) | 1772 (92.6%) | <0.001 |
| ≤100 piece-year | 85 (2.1%) | 68 (3.6%) | |
| >100 piece-year | 85 (2.1%) | 75 (3.9%) | |
| APRI score | 0.23 ± 0.15 | 0.29 ± 0.20 | <0.001 |
| APRI score ≥0.5 | 85 (2.1%) | 150 (7.8%) | <0.001 |
| NFS | −2.87 ± 1.18 | −2.53 ± 1.25 | <0.001 |
| NFS ≥ −1.455 | 453 (11.3%) | 389 (20.3%) | <0.001 |
Data are expressed as the mean ± standard deviation or number (percent). NAFLD: nonalcoholic fatty liver disease, BMI: body mass index, SBP: systolic blood pressure, DBP: diastolic blood pressure, FPG: fasting plasma glucose, ALT: alanine aminotransferase, AST: aspartate aminotransferase, HDL-C: high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol, eGFR: estimated glomerular filtration rate, APRI: AST/platelet ratio index, NFS: NAFLD fibrosis score. Normal reference values: FPG: <100 mg/dL, AST: male: 10–50 U/L, female: 10–35 U/L, ALT: male: <50 U/L, female: <35 U/L, cholesterol: <200 mg/dL, triglyceride: <150 mg/dL, HDL-C: male: >40 mg/dL, female: >50 mg/dL, LDL-C: <100 mg/dL, creatinine: male: 0.70–1.20 mg/dL, female: 0.50–0.90 mg/dL, uric acid: male: <7 mg/dL, female: < 6 mg/dL.