Table 4.
Regression coefficients and 95% confidence intervals for urinary paraben concentrations associated with birth outcomes according to GSTM1/GSTT1 genotype.
| Birth Weight (g) | Gestational Age (Weeks) | Birth Height (cm) | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Type of Paraben | Genotype | n | β (SE) a | p-Value | β (SE) a | p-Value | β (SE) a | p-Value | |
| Methyl paraben | GSTM1 | present | 81 | −34.665 (34.256) | 0.315 | 0.058 (0.137) | 0.674 | −0.177 (0.228) | 0.441 |
| null | 96 | 116.525 (47.318) | 0.016 | 0.204 (0.152) | 0.185 | 0.086 (0.277) | 0.756 | ||
| GSTT1 | present | 83 | 53.424 (44.022) | 0.229 | 0.159 (0.128) | 0.217 | −0.113 (0.244) | 0.644 | |
| null | 94 | 43.087 (39.851) | 0.283 | 0.181 (0.156) | 0.250 | 0.187 (0.254) | 0.465 | ||
| Ethyl paraben | GSTM1 | present | 81 | −45.753 (37.924) | 0.232 | 0.044 (0.153) | 0.772 | −0.049 (0.255) | 0.850 |
| null | 96 | −21.935 (44.876) | 0.626 | 0.088 (0.141) | 0.533 | −0.138 (0.257) | 0.593 | ||
| GSTT1 | present | 83 | −29.006 (48.069) | 0.548 | 0.084 (0.140) | 0.548 | 0.049 (0.268) | 0.856 | |
| null | 94 | −36.788 (38.202) | 0.338 | 0.099 (0.150) | 0.510 | −0.134 (0.243) | 0.583 | ||
| Propyl paraben | GSTM1 | present | 81 | −11.629 (30.584) | 0.705 | −0.010 (0.122) | 0.934 | −0.233 (0.201) | 0.251 |
| null | 96 | 82.352 (36.825) | 0.028 | 0.312 (0.114) | 0.008 | 0.146 (0.212) | 0.492 | ||
| GSTT1 | present | 83 | 26.954 (37.389) | 0.473 | 0.104 (0.108) | 0.341 | −0.147 (0.206) | 0.477 | |
| null | 94 | 51.013 (31.620) | 0.110 | 0.202 (0.124) | 0.107 | 0.171 (0.201) | 0.397 | ||
a All models were adjusted for mother’s age, pre-pregnancy BMI, past history of alcohol consumption, past history of smoking and gender, and parity. Birth weight and birth height models were additionally adjusted for gestational age.