Table 5.
Association of combined GSTM1 and GSTT1 genotypes and urinary paraben concentrations with birth outcomes.
| β (SE) a | ||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Type of Paraben | n | Birth Weight (g) | Gestational Age (Weeks) | Birth Height (cm) | ||||
| β (SE) a | p-Value | β (SE) a | p-Value | β (SE) a | p-Value | |||
| Methyl paraben | Both present | 50 | −27.978 (52.619) | 0.599 | −0.012 (0.186) | 0.949 | −0.092 (0.269) | 0.735 |
| Either null | 90 | 17.613 (32.498) | 0.589 | 0.118 (0.106) | 0.268 | −0.229 (0.198) | 0.251 | |
| Double null | 37 | 147.77 (66.144) | 0.031 | 0.29 (0.258) | 0.268 | 0.507 (0.413) | 0.227 | |
| Ethyl paraben | Both present | 50 | −9.617 (64.031) | 0.882 | −0.028 (0.225) | 0.902 | 0.147 (0.325) | 0.654 |
| Either null | 90 | −31.732 (34.937) | 0.366 | 0.110 (0.114) | 0.337 | −0.013 (0.216) | 0.951 | |
| Double null | 37 | −31.295 (58.303) | 0.594 | 0.042 (0.219) | 0.848 | −0.327 (0.346) | 0.351 | |
| Propyl paraben | Both present | 50 | 5.952 (43.619) | 0.893 | −0.071 (0.152) | 0.647 | −0.043 (0.222) | 0.849 |
| Either null | 90 | 4.951 (28.676) | 0.863 | 0.073 (0.094) | 0.438 | −0.307 (0.174) | 0.080 | |
| Double null | 37 | 114.725 (44.341) | 0.013 | 0.258 (0.174) | 0.147 | 0.469 (0.271) | 0.092 | |
a All models were adjusted for mother’s age, pre-pregnancy BMI, past history of alcohol consumption, past history of smoking and gender, and parity. Birth weight and birth height models were additionally adjusted for gestational age.