Table 6.

Commercially available capacitive sensors for biomass. BR: bioreactor.

Sensor	Frequency Range	Capacity	Conductivity Range	Resolution	Type of BR	Ref.
Standard Remote Futura	50 kHz–20 MHz	0–400 pF/cm	1–40 mS/cm	Bacteria 2 × 109 cells/mL for Escherichia coli Yeast or Animal cells 105 cells/ml	Small bioreactors (up to 100 mL working volume)	[232]
Standard Futura	50 kHz–20 MHz	0–400 pF/cm	1–40 mS/cm	Bacteria 2 × 109 cells/mL for E. coli Yeast or Animal cells 105 cells/mL	Suitable for most BRs	[233]
BioPAT® ViaMass	50 kHz–20 MHz	0–400 pF/cm	1–40 mS/cm	Yeast Bacteria Plant Cell	Suitable for single-use fermentation bags such as the Flexsafe® RM	[231]
i-Biomass	n/a	0–700 pF/cm	0.5–100 mS/cm	105 cell/mL for animal cells	Single-use BR	[234]