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. 2021 Mar 13;10(3):643. doi: 10.3390/cells10030643

Figure 5.

Figure 5

Cell sheet manipulation techniques using TRCDs increase cellular communication and ECM characteristics related to enhanced in vitro chondrogenesis potential. Cell sheet manipulation techniques include (a) spontaneous, post-detachment cell sheet contraction and (b) sheet multilayering utilizing either contracted or non-contracted cell sheets [157,167,168,169,170,171,173]. These manipulation techniques increase chondrogenic potential of the MSCs as shown with (a) Safranin O staining and (b) Type II collagen immunohistochemical (IHC) staining. For graphs in (a), error bars represent means ± standard deviations (** p < 0.01). (a) Adapted and reprinted from Thorp H., Kim K., Kondo M., Grainger D. W. & Okano T. Fabrication of hyaline-like cartilage constructs using mesenchymal stem cell sheets. Adapted with permission from Sci. Rep. 10, (2020). Copyright 2020 Springer Nature. (b) Adapted and reprinted from Waki S., Yuji H., Tatsuya S., Masayuki Y., Akihiro U., Teruo O. Chondrocyte Differentiation of Human Endometrial Gland-Derived MSCs in Layered Cell Sheets. Adapted with permission from Sci. World J., Article ID 359109, (2013). Copyright 2013 Hindawi. Created in part with BioRender.com (accessed on 1 March 2021).