Figure 1.

Schematic representation of the major host interfaces of trematodes and highlighting key cells/tissues for future proteomics analysis. The tegumental syncytium (TS) and gastrodermis (G) represent tissues amenable to isolation by laser microdissection for subproteome level analysis. Whilst technically challenging, heterogenous cells from internal fluke tissues, including tegumental cell bodies (TCB), type 1 (PC1) and type 2 (PC2) parenchymal cells, and flame cells (FC) could be dissociated into single-cell suspensions and sorted into individual cell types for single-cell proteomics. Diverse populations of extracellular vesicles (including microvesicles/blebs and exosome-like vesicles) released from distinct cell types could be separated using new technologies to define the protein profiles and function of each extracellular vesicle subtype. APM, apical plasma membrane; ELVs, exosome-like vesicles; L, gut lumen; MV, microvesicle; N, nucleus; PN, protonephridial duct; S, spine. Dashed arrows; potential routes of vesicle trafficking.