Table 1.

Inhibitors and activators of podocyte autophagy.

Drug	Autophagy	Podocyte Type	Condition	Pharmacological Effect	Ref
Chloroquine (CQ)	Inhibitor	human cell line	PAN 1	Decrease cell motility, disrupt actin cytoskeleton	[74]
		mouse cell line	Bbf 2	Increase podocyte injury and Bbf cytotoxicity	[75]
3-MA	Inhibitor	mouse cell line	Ang II 4	Increase apoptosis	[76]
		mouse cell line	LPS 5	Aggravate podocyte injury and ER stress	[77]
		mouse cell line	HG 6	Increase apoptosis	[78]
		rat	PAN	Earlier onset and greater proteinuria, more extensive FPE 3, reduction in podocyte markers	[72]
Rapamycin	Activator	mouse cell line	Bbf	Reduce podocyte injury and Bbf cytotoxicity	[75]
		mouse cell line	LPS	Alleviate podocyte injury and ER stress	[77]
		mouse	STZ 7	Alleviate FPE, glomerular basement membrane thickening, and matrix accumulation	[79]
		rat	PAN	Decrease proteinuria and severe FPE	[72]
Valproate (VPA)	Activator	rat	STZ	Improve renal function, decrease apoptosis and DNA damage, ameliorate the histological alterations and FPE	[80]

¹ PAN: Puromycin aminonucleoside. ² Bbf: Benzo [b] fluoranthene. ³ FPE: Foot-process effacement. ⁴ Ang II: Angiotensin II. ⁵ LPS: Lipopolysaccharide. ⁶ HG: High glucose. ⁷ STZ: Streptozocin.