Table 1.
Literature Reports of Carbonation Reaction in Epoxidized Vegetable Oils (EVOs) Using Tetrabutylammonium Bromide (TBAB).
| Oil Type | Catalyst Type | Reaction Conditions (Carbonation) | Reaction Results (Carbonation) | Equipment/ Process Characteristics |
Reference | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Pressure | Temperature | Time | % Catalyst |
% Conversion |
% Carbonation |
% Selectivity |
||||
| ESO | TBAB | 1 atm | 120 °C | 70 h | 5% | 87% | 77% | 89% | 1:3 (H2O/Epoxy) | [8] |
| ELO | TBAB | 10 bar | 140 °C | 96 h | --- | 91% | 26.7% | --- | --- | [18] |
| ESO | TBAB | 1 atm | 110 °C | 70 h | 5% | 94% | --- | --- | Constant CO2 flow | [20] |
| ESO | TBAB | 1 atm | 110 °C | 89 h | 2.5% | 63% | --- | --- | --- | [2] |
| 57 bar | 140 °C | 20 h | 2.5% | 100% | --- | --- | --- | |||
| ESO | TBAB | 10 bar | 120 °C | 20 h | 3% | 71.3% | --- | --- | Autoclave | [28] |
| ECSO | TBAB | 30 bar | 140 °C | 24 h | 3.75% | 99.9% | --- | --- | Autoclave | [32] |
| ESO | TBAB | 103 bar | 100 °C | 40 h | 5% | 100% | --- | --- | Supercritical CO2 | [7] |
| ECO | TBAB | 5 bar | 130 °C | 8 h | 5% | 93.4% | 57.7% | 61.7% | Oxirane esterification | [33] |
| ECSO | TBAB | 6 bar | 120 °C | 7 h | 8% | 73% | --- | --- | Continuous Flow microwave reactor | [30] |
| EVNO | TBAB | 59 bar | 100 °C | 46 h | --- | 95.3% | --- | --- | Supercritical CO2 with stirring (150 rpm) | [34] |
| ESO | TBAB | 1 atm | 120 °C | 40 h | 5% | 86.7% | 77.4% | 88.6% | 1:3 (H2O/Epoxy) + Microwave | [29] |
ESO = Epoxidized soybean oil; ELO = Epoxidized linseed oil; ECSO = Epoxidized cottonseed oil; ECO = Epoxidized castor oil; EVNO = Epoxidized vernonia oil.