Table 3.
Suggested mitigation solutions and count of the number of times they are proposed by publications considered in this review.
| Respiratory Risk Factor | Mitigation Solutions Suggested in the Literature | Number of Studies in the Review |
|---|---|---|
| Living close to city areas, main roads, highways or industrial areas | Improvement in public transport to reduce road traffic | 6 |
| Provide ventilation with pollutant-free air using filtration | 5 | |
| Vehicle fleet improvement | 5 | |
| Fossil fuel substitution | 2 | |
| Close the windows facing roadways | 1 | |
| Installation of air purifiers in indoor environments | 1 | |
| Exposure to solid fuel | Use of cleaner fuel (LPG and electricity) | 30 |
| Use of cleaner stoves with adequate ventilation | 20 | |
| Community education on the health effects of smoke from cooking | 6 | |
| Have a separate kitchen (indoor or outdoor) | 4 | |
| More ventilation in cooking areas | 3 | |
| Keep children away during cooking | 3 | |
| Meteorological factors | Improvement of household thermal performance through heating and insulation | 3 |
| Use air-conditioning during heat waves | 3 | |
| Employ an early warning system to inform extreme temperature events | 3 | |
| Exposure to ETS | Reduce postnatal tobacco smoke exposure by preventing parents from returning to smoking (cessation counselling) | 5 |
| Promote a tobacco-free environment in both households and communities | 4 | |
| Increase tobacco taxes and ban tobacco advertising, promotion and sponsorship | 4 | |
| Educate families to reduce infant tobacco smoke exposure | 3 | |
| Moisture or mould damage | Improve indoor ventilation | 6 |
| Effectively repair water leaks | 1 | |
| Remove visible mould and dampness | 1 | |
| Exposure to radon | Installation of radon proof membrane across the complete footprint of the new housing constructions | 2 |
| Use of gas permeable layer, mechanical barrier or gravel foundation to avoid soil gas entry | 2 | |
| Installation of an air distribution system to prevent soil air supply | 2 | |
| Adequate ventilation and heat recovery system in airtight houses | 2 | |
| Installation of radon sumps or positive pressure system | 2 | |
| Enhance public awareness on radon exposure risk and methods to reduce radon exposure at homes | 5 | |
| Compulsory radon level monitoring and provide incentives or subsidies for remediation works in existing buildings | 2 | |
| Exposure to indoor asbestos fiber | Installation of dust collectors in an asbestos manufacturing plant to prevent the emission of plant dust to the outdoor environment | 1 |
| Remove asbestos-containing material by trained professional | 1 | |
| Restrict or ban asbestos-related products | 1 | |
| Carpet floors and HDM | Proper maintenance of carpet floors (regular vacuum cleaning) | 1 |
| Presence of pets | Reduce the level of endotoxin and dog and cat allergens in homes | 2 |
| Exposure to wildland fires | Keep windows closed | 2 |
| Use air cleaners to improve indoor air quality | 2 | |
| Employ an early warning system and advise people to stay indoors during wildfires | 1 | |
| Exposure to VOCs | Adequate ventilation during periods of home renovations | 1 |
| Avoid indoor renovation exposure for expectant mothers and infants | 1 | |
| Exposure to dust storms | Doors should have proper sealing quality, and houses should be closed during dust storm events | 4 |
| Take measures to reduce wind erosion in desserts | 1 | |
| Establish an early warning system for dust storms | 1 | |
| Pollen | Identify pollen allergen seasons | 1 |
| Replace non-allergic cultivated plant species | 1 | |
| Use of ozone emitting air cleaners | Have adequate ventilation in rooms with air purifiers | 1 |
| Avoid the use of O3 producing air purifiers | 1 | |
| Daily cleaning activities (ammonia or chlorine-based cleaners) | Produce healthier cleaning products for households | 1 |
| Avoid unnecessary use of cleaning products | 1 | |
| Have stricter regulations to reduce chemical exposure. Inform the public by labelling the risks associated with chemicals in consumer products |
1 |