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. 2021 Mar 11;22(6):2851. doi: 10.3390/ijms22062851

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© 2021 by the authors.

Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

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Schematic representation of osteoblast (OB) differentiation. MSC, mesenchymal stem cell. BMP, bone morphogenetic protein. FGF, fibroblast growth factor. RUNX2, runt-related transcription factor 2. PTH, parathyroid hormone. TGF, transforming growth factor. Hh, hedgehog. SATB2, special AT-rich sequence-binding protein 2. OSX, osterix. ATF4, activating transcription factor 4. CREB, cAMP-responsive element-binding. ALP, alkaline phosphatase. OPN, osteopontin. OCN, osteocalcin. ONN, osteonectin. BSP, bone sialoprotein. COL1A1, collagen type 1 alpha 1 chain.