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. 2021 Mar 11;22(6):2851. doi: 10.3390/ijms22062851

Figure 2.

Figure 2

Key signaling pathways in osteoblastogenesis. BMP, bone morphogenetic protein. BMPR, BMP receptor. PTH, parathyroid hormone. PTH1R, PTH receptor 1. TGF-β, transforming growth factor-β. TGFβR, TGF-β receptor. FGF, fibroblast growth factor. FGFR, FGF receptor. Hh, hedgehog. PTCH1, patched 1. SMO, smoothened. RUNX1/2, runt-related transcription factor 1/2. OSX, osterix. ATF4, activating transcription factor 4. SATB2, special AT-rich sequence-binding protein 2. AP-1, activator protein-1. ROR, receptor tyrosine kinase-like orphan receptor. JNK, c-jun N-terminal kinase. CAMKII, calmodulin-dependent kinase II. PKC, protein kinase C. LRP, low-density lipoprotein receptor-related protein. APC, adenomatosis polyposis coli. CK1α, casein kinase 1α. GSK3β, glycogen synthase kinase 3β. cAMP, cyclic adenosine monophosphate. PKA, protein kinase A. CREB, cAMP-responsive element-binding. DLX5, distal-less homeobox 5. MAPK, mitogen-activated protein kinase. ERK, extracellular receptor kinase. PLC, phospholipase. AKT, protein kinase B. Gli, glioma-associated oncogene. Ub, Ubiquitin.