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. 2021 Mar 2;13(3):818. doi: 10.3390/nu13030818

Table 1.

Characteristics of the study population.

Gestational Diabetes Mellitus G1
N = 26
(% (n/N))		 Gestational Diabetes Mellitus G2
N = 23
(% (n/N))		 Normoglycemic Mothers
N = 37
(% (n/N))		 Chi-Square Test
χ2 		p-Value
Race/ethnicity

  • white Europeans
100% (26/26)
100% (23/23)
100% (37/37)
-
-
Maternal age (mean ± SD)

  • 20–29

  • 30–34

  • 35–40

  • 40+

 33.8 ± 4.5
20.0% (5/25)
32.0% (8/25)
40.0% (10/25)
8.0% (2/25)		 33.3 ± 4.4
9.1% (2/22)
59.1% (13/22)
27.3% (6/22)
4.5% (1/22)		 32.5 ± 4.7
24.3% (9/37)
35.1% (13/37)
37.8% (14/37)
2.7% (1/37)		 5.78 0.45
Maternal pre‑pregnancy BMI, kg/m2
(mean ± SD)

  • underweight (<18.5)

  • normal weight (18.5–24.9)

  • overweight (25–29.9)

  • obesity class 1 (30–34.9)

  • obesity class 2 (35–39.9)
24.7 ± 5.3
15.5% (3/19)
36.8% (7/19)
31.6% (6/19)
15.5% (3/19)
non
27.5 ± 4.9
non
30.8% (4/13)
46.2% (6/13)
15.4% (2/13)
7.7% (1/13)
22.7 ± 3.5
3.8% (1/26)
76.9% (20/26)
15.4% (4/26)
3.8% (1/26)
non		 16.86 0.04
Parity

  • 1

  • 2

  • 3

  • 4
50.0% (12/24)
37.5% (9/24)
8.3% (2/24)
4.2% (1/24)
50.0% (11/22)
36.4% (8/22)
9.1% (2/22)
4.5% (1/22)
62.9% (22/35)
28.6% (10/35)
5.7% (2/35)
2.9% (1/35)		 1.39 0.97
Gestational age (mean ± SD)

  • extremely preterm: 24–27 weeks

  • preterm: 28–35 weeks

  • near term: 36–37 weeks

  • term: 38–41 weeks

 37.4 ± 3.1
non
23.1% (6/26)
15.4% (4/26)
64.0% (16/26)		 36.8 ± 2.7
non
26.1% (6/23)
21.7% (5/23)
52.2% (12/23)		 37.2 ± 3.3
non
21.2% (7/33)
12.1% (4/33)
66.7% (22/33)		 1.41 0.85
Delivery mode

  • vaginal birth

  • cesarean section

  • elective c-section

  • emergency c-section
36% (9/25)
64% (16/25)
37.5% (6/16)
62.5% (10/16)
26.1% (6/23)
73.9% (17/23)
58.8% (10/17)
41.2% (7/17)
21.9% (7/32)
78.1% (25/32)
44% (11/25)
56% (14/25)		 1.44 0.49
Birth weight (g) (mean ± SD)

  • appropriate for gestational age (AGA)

  • small for gestational age (SGA)

 2883.0 ± 758.6
88.9% (24/27)
11.1% (3/27)		 2775.6 ± 758.1
95.7% (22/23)
4.3% (1/23)		 2956.4 ± 879.5
91.9% (34/37)
8.1% (3/37)		 0.77 0.69
Newborn’s gender

  • male

  • female
50.0% (13/26)
50.0% (13/26)
41.7% (10/24)
58.3% (14/24)
48.6% (17/35)
51.4% (18/35)		 3.59 0.17
Newborn’s overall condition (Apgar score)

  • 8–10

  • 4–7

  • <4
66.7% (18/27)
33.3% (9/27)
non
72.7% (16/22)
27.3% (6/22)
non
72.2% (26/36)
27.8% (10/36)
non		 0.29 0.87
Infections during pregnancy

  • GBS (+)

  • genital tract infection

  • urinary infection

  • other
4.0% (1/25)
24.0% (6/25)
16.0% (4/25)
28.0% (7/25)
4.5% (1/22)
13.6% (3/22)
13.6% (3/22)
4.5% (1/22)
18.9% (7/37)
13.5% (5/37)
13.5% (5/37)
13.5% (5/37)		 6.76 0.35
Mother’s diseases

  • hypertension

  • hypothyroidism

  • gestational cholestasis

  • other
12.0% (3/25)
28.0% (7/25)
non
4.0% (1/25)
17.4% (4/23)
26.1% (6/23)
8.7% (2/23)
4.3% (1/23)
10.8% (4/37)
18.9% (7/37)
2.7% (1/37)
8.1% (3/37)		 3.36 0.77
Medicines during lactation (other than insulin)

  • no medications

  • thyroxine
72.0% (18/25)
28% (7/25)
73.9% (17/23)
26.1% (6/23)
81.1% (30/37)
18.9% (7/37)		 0.80 0.68

The table shows values, which are given as means ± SDs (ranges) and the percentage value representing the number of milk donors in the given subgroup (n) in relation to all milk donors, for whom the specific information was available. “-” not analyzed.