Table 2.
Concentrations of lactoferrin and immunoglobulins in milk from diabetic mothers during milk transformation from early colostrum to the transitional milk.
| LF and Immunoglobulins |
Stage of Lactation | Group |
p-Value GDM G1 vs. Normoglycemic |
p-Value GDM G2 vs. Normoglycemic |
p-Value GDM G1 vs. GDM G2 |
||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| GDM G1 n = 29 |
GDM G2 n = 24 |
Normoglycemic n = 49 |
|||||
| Lactoferrin [g/L] | Early colostrum (Days 1–3) (n = 13/10/21) |
10.02 ± 3.23 8.68 (7.59–12.07) |
9.67 ± 6.56 8.14 (6.84–11.44) |
9.30 ± 4.81 8.12 (7.09–10.36) |
p > 0.38 (NS) | p > 0.91 (NS) | p > 0.44 (NS) |
| Colostrum (Days 4–7) (n = 10/4/16) |
8.05 ± 1.38 8.64 (6.76–8.89) |
11.50 ± 0.58 11.42 (11.13–11.87) |
8.09 ± 1.37 7.97 (7.33–8.64) |
p > 0.81 (NS) | p < 0.0004 | p < 0.001 | |
| Transitional milk (Days 8–15) (n = 6/10/12) |
6.71 ± 2.37 6.99 (4.63–8.58) |
6.45 ± 2. 12 6.47 (5.04–7.51) p 2 < 0.001 |
6.67 ± 2.01 7.13 (5.65–8.15) |
p = 1 (NS) | p > 0.58 (NS) | p > 0.79 (NS) | |
| SIgA [g/L] | Early colostrum (Days 1–3) (n = 13/10/21) |
17.45 ± 10.86 12.97 (10.36–28.22) |
14.59 ± 14.06 9.39 (5.05–14.79) |
17.44 ± 17.63 11.52 (5.93–20.78) |
p > 0.44 (NS) | p > 0.63 (NS) | p > 0.31 (NS) |
| Colostrum (Days 4–7) (n = 10/4/16) |
6.24 ± 3.98 5.58 (3.43–9.57) p 1 < 0.001 |
11.37 ± 8.79 9.92 (5.90–16.84) |
3.98 ± 1.75 4.05 (2.66–5.33) p 1 < 0.00006 |
p > 0.20 (NS) | p > 0.08 (NS) | p > 0.37 (NS) | |
| Transitional milk (Days 8–15) (n = 6/10/12) |
3.23 ± 1.30 3.56 (2.93–3.76) |
3.92 ± 4.19 2.57 (1.75–3.47) |
3.56 ± 1.24 3.34 (2.94–4.33) |
p > 0.89 (NS) | p > 0.28 (NS) | p > 0.63 (NS) | |
| IgG [mg/L] | Early colostrum (Days 1–3) (n = 13/10/21) |
7.65 ± 5.67 7.44 (3.20–8.85) |
10.01 ± 4.48 8.36 (6.58–11.70) |
5.40 ± 5.07 4.00 (1.56–7.20) |
p > 0.15 (NS) | p < 0.008 | p > 0.23 (NS) |
| Colostrum (Days 4–7) (n = 10/4/16) |
6.31 ± 2.66 6.50 (5.36–7.30) |
7.33 ± 1.94 6.48 (6.15–8.50) |
6.69 ± 3.38 6.65 (3.72–8.89) |
p > 0.77 (NS) | p > 0.75 (NS) | p > 0.63 (NS) | |
| Transitional milk (Days 8–15) (n = 6/10/12) |
7.96 ± 5.18 5.71 (5.37–9.62) |
8.27 ± 2.83 7.71 (5.74–10.28) |
6.85 ± 2.70 6.28 (4.93–8.65) |
p > 0.89 (NS) | p > 0.20 (NS) | p > 0.56 (NS) | |
| IgM [mg/L] | Early colostrum (Days 1–3) (n = 13/10/21) |
49.75 ± 67.31 14.65 (6.61–85.22) |
26.26 ± 21.19 21.45 (8.37–43.81) |
32.86 ± 43.21 18.09 (10.67–24.92) |
p > 0.91 (NS) | p > 0.98 (NS) | p > 0.97 (NS) |
| Colostrum (Days 4–7) (n = 10/4/16) |
13.44 ± 12.77 7.04 (5.21–20.25) |
9.71 ± 5.96 9.27 (4.71–14.71) |
26.54 ± 40.04 9.34 (5.52–32.54) |
p > 0.51 (NS) | p > 0.61 (NS) | p > 0.83 (NS) | |
| Transitional milk (Days 8–15) (n = 6/10/12) |
13.08 ± 13.75 8.91 (5.40–12.29) |
28.19 ± 55.64 12.35 (4.25–18.22) |
12.44 ± 17.08 4.99 (3.91–9.66) |
p > 0.43 (NS) | p > 0.38 (NS) | p > 0.87 (NS) | |
Values are given as mean ± SD, median, and twenty-fifth–seventy-fifth percentiles in parentheses. The Mann–Whitney U test was used for statistical calculations, and a p-value lower than 0.05 was regarded as significant. 1 Significantly different from early colostrum (days 1–3). 2 Significantly different from colostrum (days 4–7).