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. 2021 Mar 13;9(3):257. doi: 10.3390/vaccines9030257

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© 2021 by the authors.

Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

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Consensus-based antigen design strategies. Consensus strategies are designed by aligning the target HA protein sequence population and determining the most common amino acid at each position. ‘Consensus’ immunogens are designed using all the HA protein sequences from the phylogenetic tree. ‘Micro-consensus’ immunogens are created by taking a consensus of each major branch of the phylogenetic tree and delivering the immunogens as a cocktail. ‘Centralized’ immunogens aim to reduce sampling bias by taking a representative wildtype HA (red stars) from each branch of the phylogenetic tree and designing a consensus of those HA protein sequences. ‘COBRA’ immunogens also aim to reduce sampling bias and use multiple rounds of consensus building.