| AP-1 | Activating protein-1 |
| ATF | Activating transcription factor |
| CTGF | Connective tissue growth factor |
| ECM | Extracellular matrix |
| ERK | Extracellular-signal-regulated kinase |
| FBS | Fetal bovine serum |
| GO | Graves’ ophthalmopathy |
| HRP | Horseradish peroxidase |
| JNK | c-Jun N-terminal kinase |
| MAPK | Mitogen-activated protein kinase |
| MMP | Matrix metalloproteinase |
| mRNA | Messenger ribonucleic acid |
| PBS | Phosphate-buffered saline |
| S1P | Sphingosine-1-phosphate |
| TGF-β1 | Transforming growth factor-β1 |
| TIMP | Tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinase |
| TSHR | Thyroid-stimulating hormone receptor |
| α-SMA | α-smooth muscle actin |
Official websites use .gov
A
.gov website belongs to an official
government organization in the United States.
Secure .gov websites use HTTPS
A lock (
) or https:// means you've safely
connected to the .gov website. Share sensitive
information only on official, secure websites.