. 2021 Mar 8;10(3):593. doi: 10.3390/cells10030593

Table 1.

Some commonly used mouse models for cardiovascular diseases and neurodegenerative diseases. Diseases included are: Atherosclerosis, Ischemia, Stroke, Alzheimer’s Disease and Parkinson’s Disease.

Disease	Model	Phenotype	Reference
Atherosclerosis	Apoe^-/-	High cholesterol levels	[169]
	Apoe^-/-	Increased sensitivity to fat and cholesterol-based dietsExtensive atherosclerosis by 3 months	[169]
	Ldlr^-/-	Plaque development only in high fat diets	[169,170]
		Better mimics human pathogenesis (lipoprotein profile)
		Atherosclerosis induction by 6 months
	Apoe^-/- + Ldlr^-/-	More severe atherosclerosis than Apoe^-/- and Ldlr^-/- individual knockouts	[169]
	Apoe^-/- + Ldlr^-/-	Lipoprotein profile similar to Apoe^-/-	[169]
Ischemia	Suture occlusion of artery	Depends on which affected tissue is being modelled	[171,172]
Stroke	Suture to occlude the middle cerebral artery	Infarction (size dependent on occlusion time, suture size, suture material, etc.)	[172]
		Striatum blood flow normalizes after 2 h
		Cortical blood flow remains low
	Endothelin-1 injection directly to middle cerebral artery	Infarction (size dependent on dose)	[172]
	Endothelin-1 injection directly to middle cerebral artery	Reduced cerebral blood flow–reperfusion takes hours	[172]
	Microsphere insertion into the middle cerebral artery	Infarction (size dependent on microsphere size, material)	[172]
Alzheimer’s	App-Indiana mutation with PDGF promoter	18× APP RNA	[173,174]
		10× APP protein
		Amyloid deposition
		apparent at 9 months
		Cerebral amyloid angiopathy
	App-Swedish mutation with hamster prion protein promoter	5× APP protein	[9,173,175]
		Amyloid deposition apparent at 11–13 months
		Cerebral amyloid angiopathy
	App-Swedish + Indiana mutation with hamster prion protein promoter	Amyloid deposition apparent at 3 months	[173,176]
		Cerebral amyloid angiopathy	[173,176]
Parkinson’s	Snca-a53t mutation with mouse prion protein promoter	Initial motor control degradation and α-Syn inclusions at 8 months	[177]
	Snca-a30p mutation with hamster prion protein promoter	Initial motor control degradation at 13 months	[178]
	Snca-e46k mutation with mouse prion protein promoter	Initial motor degradation at 16 months	[179]
	Snca-e46k mutation with mouse prion protein promoter	Slower disease progression than other mutations	[179]