T1DM	type 1 diabetes mellitus
T2DM	type 2 diabetes mellitus
GDM	gestational diabetes mellitus
PGDM	pre-gestational diabetes mellitus
HbA1c	glycosylated hemoglobin
AVS	atrioventricular septal
aOR	adjusted odds ratio
CI	confidence interval
RR	relative risk
HR	hazard ratio
PI	ponderal index
hCG	human chorionic gonadotropin
hPL	human placental lactogen
hPGH	human placental growth hormone
PGH	Placental growth hormone
IGF-I	insulin-like growth factor I
IGFBPs	IGF binding proteins
IGFBP1	IGF binding protein 1
apo-M	apolipoprotein M
TNF-α	tumor necrosis factor-α
GC/MS	gas chromatography/mass spectrometry
LC/MS	liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry
IUGR	intrauterine growth retardation
Glut	glucose transporter proteins
GWG	gestational weight gain
LGA	large for gestational age
SGA	small for gestational age
AGA	Appropriate for Gestational Age
VLBW	very low birth weight
FGR	fetal growth restriction
GHBP	growth hormone-binding protein
BMI	body mass index
IQ	intelligence quotient
ACOG	the American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists
EFW	estimated fetal weight
US	ultrasound
NICU	neonatal intensive care unit
ROP	retinopathy of prematurity
RDS	respiratory distress syndrome
PDA	patent ductus arteriosus
EOS	early-onset sepsis
IVH	intraventricular hemorrhage
PVL	periventricular leukomalacia
BPD	bronchopulmonary dysplasia
UA	umbilical artery
IADPSG	Diabetes and Pregnancy Study Group
NICE	National Institute for Health and Care Excellence
SES	socio-economic status
ADHD	Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder
ASD	Autism spectrum disorder