Table 1.
Distribution of patients’ demographic and clinical characteristics according to the need of mechanical ventilation.
| Mechanical Ventilation | p * | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Total | No | nIMV | IMV | ||
| Variables | n = 263 | n = 190 | n = 40 | n = 33 | |
| Gender, n (%) | |||||
| Males | 164 (62.4) | 115 (60.5) | 28 (70.0) | 21 (63.6) | 0.801 |
| Females | 99 (37.6) | 75 (39.5) | 12 (30.0) | 12 (36.4) | |
| Age, years [median (1; 3 quartiles)] |
45.3 (40.4; 48.4) | 43 (34.0; 47.8) | 46 (42.0; 49.0) | 45 (40.0; 47.0) | 0.004 # |
| Groups compared with a statistically significant difference | no vs. nIMV | ||||
| Smoke, n (%) | |||||
| Never | 145 (68.4) | 103 (66.9) | 22 (66.7) | 20 (80.0) | 0.695 |
| Current/Former | 67 (31.6) | 51 (33.1) | 11 (33.3) | 5 (20.0) | |
| BMI classes, n (%) | |||||
| <25 kg/m2 | 87 (44.2) | 70 (51.5) | 9 (23.7) | 8 (34.8) | 0.012 |
| 25–29 kg/m2 | 59 (29.9) | 41 (30.1) | 13 (34.2) | 5 (21.7) | 0.627 |
| ≥30 kg/m2 | 51 (25.9) | 25 (18.4) | 16 (42.1) | 10 (43.5) | 0.001 |
| Comorbidity, n (%) | |||||
| No | 130 (51.2) | 94 (50.5) | 22 (56.4) | 14 (48.3) | 0.982 |
| Other | 58 (22.8) | 46 (24.7) | 5 (12.8) | 7 (24.1) | 0.811 |
| “high risk for COVID-19” | 66 (26.0) | 46 (24.7) | 12 (30.8) | 8 (27.6) | 0.794 |
| P/F ratio [median (1; 3 quartiles)] |
299 (219.0; 383.5) | 360.5 (295.0; 402.5) | 218.5 (156.2; 273.3) | 199.9 (158.6; 263.0) | <0.001 # |
| Groups compared with a statistically significant difference | no vs. nIMV | no vs. nIMV | |||
| RX lung involvement, n (%) | |||||
| mild (score ≤ 2) | 45 (42.9) | 43 (54.4) | 1 (6.7) | 1 (9.1) | <0.001 § |
| moderate-severe (score > 2) | 60 (57.1) | 36 (45.6) | 14 (93.3) | 10 (90.9) | |
| Groups compared with a statistically significant difference | no vs. nIMV | no vs. nIMV | |||
| HRCT pattern, n (%) | 0.236 § | ||||
| pure GGO | 23 (22.8) | 10 (15.9) | 9 (47.4) | 4 (21.1) | |
| crazy paving | 9 (8.9) | 7 (11.1) | 1 (5.3) | 1 (5.3) | |
| GGO with consolidations | 59 (58.4) | 39 (61.9) | 8 (42.1) | 12 (63.2) | |
| consolidations | 10 (9.9) | 7 (11.1) | 1 (5.3) | 2 (10.5) | |
| D-dimer, µg/mL [median (1; 3 quartiles)] |
0.4 (0.3; 0.8) | 0.4 (0.3; 0.7) | 0.5 (0.2; 0.9) | 0.9 (0.5; 1.6) | 0.001 # |
| Groups compared with a statistically significant difference | nIMV vs. IMV | no vs. nIMV | |||
| IL-6, pg/mL [median (1; 3 quartiles)] |
28.7 (8.1; 50.2) | 9 (3.8; 23.8) | 24.3 (8.7; 49.9) | 49 (12.8; 77.3) | <0.001 # |
| Groups compared with a statistically significant difference | no vs. nIMV | no vs. nIMV | |||
| CPK, U/l [median (1; 3 quartiles)] |
76 (44.0; 142.0) | 69 (43.0; 121.0) | 100 (58.0; 206.0) | 76 (41.0; 234.5) | 0.249 # |
| ALT, U/l [median (1; 3 quartiles)] |
34 (22.0; 58.0) | 33 (21.0; 59.0) | 35 (27.5; 70.0) | 42.5 (21.5; 63.0) | 0.278 # |
| O2-therapy, n (%) | 0.017 | ||||
| No | 88 (34.9) | 88 (48.6) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | |
| Yes | 164 (65.1) | 93 (51.4) | 40 (100) | 31 (100) | |
| Pronation, n (%) | <0.001 § | ||||
| No | 217 (91.9) | 174 (98.9) | 32 (91.4) | 11 (44.0) | |
| Yes | 19 (8.1) | 2 (1.1) | 3 (8.6) | 14 (56.0) | |
| Groups compared with a statistically significant difference | no vs. nIMV | nIMV vs. IMV | no vs. nIMV | ||
| HFNC, n (%) | 0.004 § | ||||
| No | 86 (92.5) | 73 (97.3) | 9 (81.8) | 4 (57.1) | |
| Yes | 7 (7.5) | 2 (2.7) | 2 (18.2) | 3 (42.9) | |
| Groups compared with a statistically significant difference | no vs. nIMV | ||||
* Chi-squared for trend test; # Kruskal-Wallis test; § Fisher exact test; ALT: alanine aminotransferase; BMI: body mass index; CPK: creatin kinase; GGO: ground glass opacity; HFNC: high flow nasal cannula; HRCT: high resolution computed tomography; IL-6: interleukin-6; IMV: invasive mechanical ventilation; nIMV: non-invasive mechanical ventilation; P/F: pO2/FiO2.