Table 3.

Immunological abnormalities in parkinsonisms.

	PD	PSP	MSA	CBD
Aspects of neuro-inflammation in neurodegeneration	(1) Increased concentration of TNF-α in CSF as well as in serum blood (2) Increasedproinflammatory cytokine: IL-6 and IL-12, have been shown to be at increased concentrations in PD serum (3) Increased NT-proCNP (4) PINK1 upregulates IL-1β-mediated signalling (5) Changes in CRP, SAA, IL-8 and YKL-40	(1) Abnormalities in the concentration of cytokines produced by activated microglia as TNF-α, interleukin 1Β and IL-6 (2) Deviations in the regulation of T and Natural Killer Cells related to IL-2	(1) Abnormalities in gene sets of interferon, IL-1, IL-6, IL-8 (2) An increase of CD3+, CD4+ and CD8+ (3) iNOS elevated expression	Via oxidative stress
Neurodegeneration	Oxidative stress, iron metabolism, disturbances, glial mitochondrial dysfunction	Microglial activation affecting tau deposition	Inflammatory response induced by mitochondrial dysfunction	Not explored