Figure 6.

Ordination diagram—PCA (principal component analysis). The bi-plot displays treatments with Cs-Se NPs (0, 10, and 20 mg L⁻¹) and salinity stress (0, 50, and 100 mM NaCl). The first and second axes together explain 90.01% of variance. The selenium amount is shown by the color intensity of the circle. The basic color (purple, green, blue) is determined by the salinity stress (table in graph). The arrows show reaction of bitter melon (physiological parameters) under stress.