Table 7.
The characteristics of the subjects of the included observational studies.
| Ref. | Number of Participants (Girls) | Age (Mean with SD/Range) | Inclusion Criteria/Exclusion Criteria |
|---|---|---|---|
| [47] | 273 (146) | 8.6 ± 1.6 (enrolment) 14.7 ± 1.7 (follow-up) |
Inclusion: children aged 5–12 years; randomly selected from primary public schools in Bogota within the Bogota School Children Cohort Exclusion: outside the 11–18 years range at follow-up; missing data |
| [48] | 246 | 8.5 ± 2.4 for asthma group 8.9 ± 2.8 for control group |
Inclusion: diagnosed stable asthma; able to cooperate and comply with pulmonary function tests Exclusion: restrictive ventilation dysfunction; history of calcium supplementation; recently taken vitamin D; serious diseases |
| [49] | 156 (65) | 13.8 ± 2.4 | Inclusion: Chinese ethnicity; aged 8–18 years; receipt of dialysis therapy for at least 3 months; hospitalization within 14 days (exclusive of a hospital stay for dialysis) Exclusion: severe visual or auditory impairment or mental retardation; renal transplant recipients; history of psychiatric disorders including anxiety and depression; malignancy/leukaemia; chronic hepatic disease; autoimmune diseases or active infections; significant life event unrelated to their renal disease in the past 30 days (e.g., severe illness of a family member, family structure changes, losing a family member, changing the living place); osteoporosis or receiving supplementation with ergocalciferol or cholecalciferol |
| [50] | 270 (145) | 12.1 ± 2.6 for male depressive disorder group 11.6 ± 2.8 for male control group 12.0 ± 2.7 for female depressive disorder group 12.3 ± 2.8 for female control group |
Inclusion: aged 8–16 years; BMI ranging from the 5th to 95th percentiles; depressive disorders diagnosed by local psychiatrists (for depressive disorder group) Exclusion: suicidal ideation; receiving medical treatments that could affect thyroid function in the preceding 2 months |
| [51] | 36 | 14.0 ± 2.4 for non-mood disorders group 14.1 ± 1.2 for major mood disorders group 13.9 ± 2.0 for bipolar disorder group |
Inclusion: adolescents enrolled in the National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH) Longitudinal Assessment of Manic Symptoms (LAMS) study; mood symptom changes and elevated symptoms of mania biannually Exclusion: - |
| [52] | 119 (45) | 11.2 ± 2.8 for obsessive compulsive disorder group 10.9 ± 2.7 for control group |
Inclusion: for control group age and sex distribution comparable with obsessive compulsive disorder group Exclusion: The Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children-Revised (WISC-R) score < 80; comorbid psychiatric disorder according to K-SADS-PL; history of psychotropic drug or substance using; calcium or vitamin D supplementation within the previous 6 months; history of serious head trauma; systemic disease (epilepsy, history of antiepileptic use, clinically active infection, obesity, etc.); abnormal neurological symptoms; pathology in routine biochemical tests; history of corticosteroid use; insufficient collection of blood volume |
| [53] | 82 (42) | 14.7 ± 2.3 for obsessive compulsive disorder group 14.2 ± 2.6 for control group |
Inclusion: patient of the outpatient clinic for children and adolescent psychiatry at Ordu University Research and Training Hospital; diagnosis according to DSM-V criteria (for obsessive compulsive disorder group); minor issues (for control group) Exclusion: infections; psychotic disorders; diagnosis of mental retardation and developmental disorders; nutritional support product used in the previous year; vegetarians |
| [54] | 9068 (4445) | 3.0-17.9 | Inclusion: aged 3–17.9 years Exclusion: missing data |
| [55] | 217 (105) | 12.0 ± 2.9 | Inclusion: patients attending a Pediatric Center for Weight Management Treatment Centre in Alberta, Canada; aged 2–18 years; overweight (BMI between the 85th and 97th percentile) or obesity (BMI above the 97th percentile) Exclusion: missing data * |
| [56] | 138 (69) | 12.8 ± 1.9 for depression group 12.7 ± 1.8 for control group |
Inclusion: patients of Adolescent Clinic and Child Psychiatry Clinic of the Medical School of Dicle University Exclusion: missing data |
| [57] | 5066 (2481) | 14.7 ± 2.0 for males 14.6 ± 2.0 for females |
Inclusion: aged 11–17 years Exclusion: missing data |
| [58] | 1095 (527) | 14.7 ± 2.6 | Inclusion: students; aged 10–18 years; selected randomly by multistage random cluster sampling Exclusion: - |
| [59] | 38 (20) | 12.1 ± 3.1 | Inclusion: aged 7–17 years; proven diagnosis of cystic fibrosis via sweat test (sweat Cl > 60 mmol/L) Exclusion: no exclusion criteria * |
| [60] | 65 (33) | 16.8 ± 1.5 for male major depressive disorder group 16.4 ± 2.0 for male control group 16.6 ± 1.4 for female major depressive disorder group 16.3 ± 2.2 for female control group |
Inclusion: outpatients from the Massachusetts General Hospital for Children, BMI between the 5th and 95th percentiles for age; being referred by local psychiatrists (for major depressive disorder group) Exclusion: medical conditions or medications that could affect bone metabolism (including estrogen/progesterone or glucocorticoids) within the preceding 3 months; any other axis I disorder except for co-morbid anxiety; suicidal ideation |
| [61] | 104 (75) | 15.4 ± 1.6 | Inclusion: patients of the Strong Behavioral Health Child and Adolescent Acute Inpatient Service or Partial Hospitalization Service (CAPHS), Department of Psychiatry, University of Rochester; acute mental health treatment over a 16-month period Exclusion: - |
| [62] | 2413 (1306) * | 9.9 ± 1.1 | Inclusion: participant of the Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children (ALSPAC) cohort from South West England (single and twin births born between 1 April 1991, and 31 December 1992) Exclusion: any previous behavioral problems at the age of 7 or 9; missing data |
| [63] | 2759 | 9.8 for vitamin D assessment 10.6 and 13.8 for depressive symptoms assessment |
Inclusion: participant of the ALSPAC cohort from South West England (single and twin births born between 1 April 1991, and 31 December 1992) Exclusion: - |
BMI—Body Mass Index; DSM—Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders; K-SADS-PL—Kiddie Schedule for Affective Disorders and Schizophrenia for School-Age Children-Present and Lifetime Episode; *—data provided on request.