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. 2021 Mar 12;14(3):258. doi: 10.3390/ph14030258

Figure 6.

Figure 6

Safflower seed extract, N-(p-coumaroyl) serotonin, and N-feruloyl serotonin regulate IL-1β-induced NF-κB activation. Articular chondrocytes were pretreated with safflower seed extract, N-(p-coumaroyl) serotonin, and N-feruloyl serotonin at various concentrations for 24 h (n = 5) before IL-1β (1 ng/mL) treatment for 15 min. Protein expression of IκB and pp65 was determined by western blotting (A,B,C; upper panel) and densitometry (A,B,C; lower panel). β-Actin was used as the loading control. The NF-κB promoter activity was evaluated using the luciferase assay after treatment with safflower seed extract, N-(p-coumaroyl) serotonin, and N-feruloyl serotonin (D,E,F). Data are shown as mean ± SD of each group (n = 5). # p < 0.05 compared with the control; * p < 0.05, ** p < 0.01, and *** p < 0.001 compared with the IL-1β-treated or safflower seed extract-treated groups.