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. 2021 Mar 15;10(3):650. doi: 10.3390/cells10030650

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© 2021 by the authors.

Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

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Tissue renin-angiotensin system in humans. Local renin-angiotensin systems are found in numerous human tissues, including skeletal muscle, bone, cardiovascular, brain, and intervertebral disc (IVD) tissue. The angiotensin II receptor type 2 (AGTR2) and the Ang1–7/Mas receptor (MasR) axis counteract the pro-inflammatory effects (increasing intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) of accumulating angiotensin II concentrations (AngII) on angiotensin II receptor type 1 (AGTR1). Chronic/degenerative disease states are characterized by the domination of the pathological tRAS pathway (angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE)/AngII/AGTR1) over the protective axis (AGTR2/ACE2/Ang1–7/MasR), and aging might shift the balance between protective and pathological RAS axis towards AGTR1/ACE/AngII [2,3].