Table 4.
Adjusted standard partial regression coefficient between visceral fat area (VFA) or body-mass index (BMI) and carotenoids (female).
| Carotenoids | VFA | BMI | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| All | 20–39 | 40–59 | 60– | All | 20–39 | 40–59 | 60– | |
| Total carotenoid | −0.210 *** | −0.256 ** | −0.250 ** | −0.180 * | −0.244 *** | −0.250 *** | −0.273 *** | −0.223 ** |
| Lutein | −0.192 *** | −0.307 ** | −0.168 * | −0.163 * | −0.258 *** | −0.323 *** | −0.234 ** | −0.224 ** |
| Zeaxanthin | −0.039 | −0.147 | −0.043 | 0.017 | −0.010 * | −0.052 | −0.135 | −0.104 |
| β-Cryptoxanthin | −0.110 * | −0.167 | −0.144 | −0.058 | −0.113 * | −0.107 | −0.162 * | −0.065 |
| β-Carotene | −0.239 *** | −0.263 ** | −0.253 ** | −0.226 ** | −0.237 *** | −0.231 * | −0.248 ** | −0.220 ** |
| Lycopene | −0.020 | −0.008 | −0.107 | 0.076 | −0.078 | −0.162 | −0.109 | −0.011 |
* p < 0.05, ** p < 0.01, *** p < 0.001. Adj: age, current smoking habits, exercise habits, alcohol intake, use of medications, and total dietary fiber intake.