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. 2021 Mar 15;18(6):3020. doi: 10.3390/ijerph18063020

Table 3.

Stress levels by different learning methodologies per academic year.

Total 1st Year 2nd Year 3rd Year 4th Year p-Value
Lecture 2.0 (1.0) 2.0 (1.0) 2.0 (1.0) 2.0 (1.0) 2.0 (1.0) <0.001
Seminar 2.0 (1.0) 2.0 (1.0) 2.0 (1.0) 2.0 (1.0) 2.0 (1.0) <0.001
Problem-based learning (PBL) 3.0 (1.0) 3.0 (1.0) 3.0 (2.0) 3.0 (1.0) 3.0 (1.0) <0.001
Simulation laboratory 3.0 (1.0) 2.0 (1.0) 3.0 (1.0) 3.0 (2.0) 3.0 (2.0) <0.001
Clinical practice 3.0 (1.0) 2.0 (1.0) 3.0 (1.0) 3.0 (1.0) 3.0 (1.0) <0.001
Group Project 3.0 (1.0) 3.0 (1.0) 3.0 (1.0) 3.0 (1.0) 2.0 (1.0) <0.001
Exams 4.0 (1.0) 4.0 (1.0) 4.0 (1.0) 4.0 (1.0) 4.0 (1.0) <0.001
Written work 3.0 (1.0) 3.0 (1.0) 3.0 (1.0) 3.0 (1.0) 3.0 (1.0) 0.003
Oral presentation 4.0 (1.0) 4.0 (1.0) 4.0 (1.0) 3.0 (1.0) 3.0 (1.0) 0.417

Data are presented as median (IQR). Levels of response: 1: None, 2: Low, 3: Moderate; 4: High. p-value is calculated through the Kruskal–Wallis test.