Table 2.
Findings of included studies.
| Study | Weight kg (Mean ± SD) | BMI kg/m2 (Mean ± SD) | Depression | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Baseline | Post | p-Value | Baseline | Post | p-Value | Baseline | Post | p-Value | |
| Bot et al. [30] | P: 31.4 P + FRBA: 31.2 S: 31.3 S + FRBA: 31.7 |
P: 7.3 (4.1) P + FRBA: 7.4 (4.4) S: 7.9 (4.4) S + FRBA: 7.1 (4) |
|||||||
| Breymeyer et al. [28] | HGL: 2.80 LGL: 2.03 |
p = 0.002 | |||||||
| Brinkworth, Buckley et al. [31] | LCHF: 96 ± 1.6 HCLF: 97.6 ± 1.6 |
LCHF: 82.3 ± 2.1 HCLF: 83.9 ± 1.9 | BDI: p
= 0.05 POMS: p = 0.05 |
||||||
| Brinkworth, Luscombe-Marsh et al. [39] | LC: 101.8 ± 2 HCLF: 101.1 ± 2 |
LC: 92.6 ± 2 HCLF: 91 ± 2 | |||||||
| Canheta et al. [47] | 46.3 ± 6.5 | p < 0.001 | |||||||
| Coates et al. [46] | AED: 84.4 ± 12 NF: 85.4 ± 14 |
AED: 84.8 ± 1.38 NF: 85.6 ± 1.36 |
p > 0.05 | AED: 30.2 ± 0.44 NF: 30.6 ± 0.43 |
AED: 30.5 ± 0.44 NF: 30.3 ± 0.43 |
p > 0.05 | AED: 0.89 ± 1.9 NF: –3.74 ± 1.88 |
AED: 1.11 ± 2.2 NF: –2.22 ± 2.17 |
POMS: p > 0.05 |
| Crerand et al. [43] | D: 97.8 ± 13.5 C: 96.1 ± 12.1 |
D: 36.2 ± 4.5 C: 35.3 ± 4.3 |
D vs. C: p < 0.001 | D: 7.7 ± 5.5 C: 7.4 ± 5.9 |
p < 0.001 | ||||
| Fuller et al. [40] | D: 90.9 ± 12.2 C: 93.8 ± 12.7 |
D: –7.9 ± 2.1 C: 0.1 |
D: 34.1 ± 4.3 C: 35.2 ± 4.8 |
D: 22.1 ± 8.1 C: 23.7 ± 11.1 |
D: 19.3 ± 6 C: 25.3 ± 12.7 |
POMS: time x group p < 0.001 | |||
| Galletly et al. [29] | HPLC: 104.2 ± 5.3 LPHC: 98.6 ± 4.6 | HPLC: –6.9 ± 0.8 LPHC: –8.5 ± 6.3 | HPLC: 37.6 ± 6.4 LPHC: 37.2 ± 6.9 | HPLC: 34.5 ± 5.7 LPHC: 34.5 ± 6.3 | HPLC: 5.6 ± 3.2 LPHC: 4.8 ± 3.4 | HPLC: 3.6 ± 2.8 LPHC: 3.4 ± 3.3 | HPLC: p < 0.001 LPHC: NS |
||
| Hadi et al. [49] | 89.4 ± 16.1 | –5.2% ± 4.3% | p < 0.001 | 31.1 ± 3.9 | 5 ± 4.6 | 2 ± 4.1 | p < 0.001 | ||
| Halyburton et al. [44] | LCHF: 93.6 ± 2.1 HCLF: 97 ± 2.1 |
LCHF: 33.3 ± 0.6 HCLF: 33.8 ± 0.6 |
p < 0.001 | ||||||
| Hariri et al. [33] | Su: 84.3 ± 11.7 P: 79.3 ± 11.4 |
Su: 78.96 ± 10.84 P: 76.89 ± 11.35 |
p < 0.001 | Su: 32.4 ± 3.73 P: 31.2 ± 3.87 |
S: 30.4 ± 3.55 P: 30.3 ± 3.89 |
p < 0.001 | Su: 25.4 ± 9.42 P: 26.17 ± 11.21 |
Su: 25.4 ± 9.42 P: 26.17 ± 11.21 |
p < 0.001 |
| Lutze et al. [41] | HP: 100.5 ± 1.8 HC: 102.6 ± 1.8 |
HP: –12.3 ± 1.4 HC: –10.9 ± 1.4 |
HP: 23.4 ± 1.09 HC: 23.04 ± 1.05 |
HP: 20.77 ± 0.97 HC: 20.19 ± 0.94 | POMS: p < 0.001 SF-36 subscales vitality and mental health: p < 0.001 |
||||
| Pedersen et al. [48] | Median: 92.8 |
LED: p < 0.001 | Median: 31.4 | ||||||
| Raman et al. [34] | CRT-O: 40.3 ± 7.8 C: 39.2 ± 7.4 |
CRT-O: 38.9 ± 7.6 C: 39.7 ± 8.4 |
CRT-O:19.1 ± 11.2 C: 13.3 ± 12.2 |
CRT-O: 4.5 ± 5.1 C: 15.4 ± 12.2 |
|||||
| Rodriguez-Lozada et al. [32] | 87.7 | –8.6 | p < 0.001 | 31.6 | –3.1 | p < 0.001 | 6.6 | –2.7 | p < 0.001 |
| Ruusunen et al. [35] | –3.14 ± 4.5 | 30.5 ± 3.4 | –1.16 ± 1.74 | I vs. C: p = 0.024 | I: 6.8 ± 5.6 | I: –0.9 ± 4.5 | I: p = 0.03 | ||
| Sanchez et al. [45] | Pro: 95.1 ± 13.9 | Pro: –5.3 ± 4.3 | Pro: 33.8 ± 3.3 | Pro: 4.4 ± 4.1 | Pro: –1.5 ± 3 | p < 0.05 | |||
| Uemura et al. [36] | I: 66.3 ± 8.74 | I: 64.6 ± 8.07 | p < 0.001 | I: 27.8 ± 3.1 | I: 27.1 ± 2.82 | p < 0.001 | I: 17.64 ± 13.58 | I: 10.05 ± 7.4 | p < 0.001 |
| Tan et al. [50] | D: 93.8 C: 93.1 |
D: 92.7 C: 94.4 |
D: p < 0.05 | D: 29.4 C: 29.2 |
D: 5.0 C: 4.0 |
D: 4.0 C: 3.0 |
p < 0.05 | ||
| Vaghef-Mehrabany et al. [25] | For >1.9kg weight loss: HDRS: 13.2 BDI: 19.5 |
For >1.9kg weight loss: HDRS: 9.1 BDI: 14.7 |
For >1.9kg weight loss: HDRS: p < 0.001 BDI: p = 0.006 |
||||||
| Vigna et al. [37] | HE: 33.1 ± 0.84 C: 33.4 ± 0.83 |
HE: 32.01 ± 0.82 C: 32.08 ± 0.88 |
HE: 48.8 ± 1.03 | HE: 43.2 ± 2.38 | HE: p < 0.05 | ||||
| Webber et al. [38] | BWL: 99 ± 16.7 EBT: 101 ± 10.8 |
BWL: 36 ± 4.3 EBT: 37 ± 4.9 |
BWL: –1.3 EBT: –0.6 |
BWL: p < 0.001 EBT: p = 0.032 BWL vs. EBT: p < 0.03 |
BWL: 7.5 ± 6.4 EBT: 10.4 ± 9.8 |
BWL: –2.9 EBT: –3.1 |
BWL: p = 0.012 EBT: p = 0.006 |
||
| Wing et al. [42] | 103.2 ± 16.9 | VLCD: 14.6 ± 9.4 BD: 11.4 ± 7.2 |
VLCD: 5 ± 6.3 BD: 2.9 ± 2.8 |
VLCD: p
< 0.001 BD: p < 0.001 |
|||||
Abbreviations: AED = almond-enriched diet, BD = balanced diet, BDI = Beck’s depression inventory, BDI-II = Beck’s Depression Inventory-2, BWL = behavioral weight loss, C = control, CES-D = center for epidemiologic studies depression scale, CRT-O = cognitive remediation therapy for obesity, D = diet, EBT = emotional brain training, FRBA = food-related behavioral activation, HCLF = high carbohydrate and low fat diet, HDRS = Hamilton depression rating scale, HE = H. erinaceus supplement, HGL = high glycemic index, HP = high protein diet, HPLC = high protein, low carbohydrate diet, I = intervention group, LCHF = low carbohydrate, high fat diet, LED = low energy diet, LGL = low glycemic index, LPHC = low protein, high carbohydrate diet, NF = nut-free diet, P = placebo, Pro = probiotic group, POMS = profile of mood states, S = supplements, Su = sumac supplement group, SD = standard deviation, SF-36 = short form health status survey, VLCD = very low calorie diet.