Table 1.
Social, emotional, and overall loneliness in sample subgroups.
| Characteristics | Social Loneliness | Emotional Loneliness | Overall Loneliness | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| n | M (SD) | p | n | M (SD) | p | n | M (SD) | p | |
| Age group | ns. | <0.001 | <0.001 | ||||||
| 18–29 years | 632 | 4.3 (2.9) | 629 | 7.3 (2.6) | 628 | 11.7 (4.6) | |||
| 30–39 years | 701 | 4.5 (3.1) | 704 | 6.4 (2.7) | 701 | 10.9 (5.0) | |||
| 40–49 years | 556 | 4.6 (3.3) | 557 | 5.9 (2.7) | 554 | 10.5 (5.1) | |||
| 50–59 years | 438 | 4.2 (3.2) | 438 | 5.4 (2.9) | 436 | 9.6 (5.0) | |||
| 60–69 years | 435 | 4.8 (3.0) | 434 | 5.2 (2.9) | 433 | 10.0 (4.9) | |||
| 70 years + | 280 | 4.2 (2.9) | 271 | 4.5 (2.8) | 269 | 8.7 (4.8) | |||
| Gender identity | <0.01 | <0.001 | 0.17 | ||||||
| Male | 699 | 4.7 (3.2) | 695 | 5.5 (3.2) | 693 | 10.2 (5.3) | |||
| Female | 2304 | 4.3 (3.1) | 2298 | 6.2 (2.7) | 2288 | 10.5 (4.9) | |||
| Education level | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | ||||||
| High school/technical degree or lower | 833 | 4.9 (3.2) | 832 | 6.2 (3.0) | 825 | 11.1 (5.0) | |||
| Bachelor’s degree | 1096 | 4.5 (3.1) | 1091 | 6.2 (2.9) | 1088 | 10.7 (5.0) | |||
| Master’s/doctoral degree | 1144 | 4.1 (3.0) | 1140 | 5.7 (2.7) | 1138 | 9.7 (4.9) | |||
| Cohabitation | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | ||||||
| Yes | 1877 | 4.1 (3.0) | 1873 | 5.6 (2.7) | 1867 | 9.7 (4.8) | |||
| No | 1197 | 5.0 (3.2) | 1191 | 6.6 (3.0) | 1185 | 11.6 (5.1) | |||
| Employment | <0.001 | ns. | <0.01 | ||||||
| Full-time or part-time | 2091 | 4.2 (3.1) | 2092 | 6.1 (2.8) | 2083 | 10.3 (4.9) | |||
| No employment | 973 | 4.9 (3.1) | 962 | 6.0 (3.0) | 959 | 10.8 (5.1) | |||
Statistical tests are one-way ANOVA F-test (age groups and education level) and independent t-tests (all other variables). Cohabitation refers to “living with spouse or partner”.