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. 2021 Mar 10;13(3):199. doi: 10.3390/toxins13030199

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© 2021 by the authors.

Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

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ZEA triggers autophagy in chicken granulosa cells. (a) The protein expression levels of LC3, beclin-1, and P62. (b) After treated with ZEA for 24 h, LC3 puncta were observed under the fluorescence microscopy. (c) LC3 expression after incubated with rapamycin (RAP) and chloroquine (CQ). (d) The percentages of apoptotic cells. (e) The protein expression level of cleaved caspase-3 and caspase-9 after being incubated with RAP and CQ. The results are presented as mean ± SD. * p < 0.05, ** p < 0.01 versus the control group.