Table 2.
Effect of a maternal and postnatal diet high in linoleic acid on plasma fatty acid composition in adult offspring.
| Plasma Fatty Acid | LLA Maternal Diet | HLA Maternal Diet | Two-Way ANOVA | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| LLA PN Diet | HLA PN Diet | LLA PN Diet | HLA PN Diet | Pmaternal | Ppostnatal | Pint | |
| Male | |||||||
| Total SFA | 33.41 ± 0.3600 | 32.51 ± 0.2100 | 33.85 ± 0.1800 | 32.61 ± 0.3300 | ns | p = 0.003 | ns |
| Total trans FA | 0.10 ± 0.0000 | 0.10 ± 0.0000 | 0.10 ± 0.0000 | 0.10 ± 0.0000 | ns | ns | ns |
| Total MUFA | 15.61 ± 1.4300 | 7.83 ± 0.3100 | 14.56 ± 0.9700 | 9.11 ± 0.5400 | ns | p < 0.0001 | ns |
| Total n-9 FA | 12.27 ± 1.1500 | 5.70 ± 0.2300 | 11.12 ± 0.8100 | 6.58 ± 0.3900 | ns | p < 0.0001 | ns |
| Total n-7 FA | 3.28 ± 0.3300 | 2.08 ± 0.1100 | 3.34 ± 0.3300 | 2.55 ± 0.1600 | ns | p = 0.0011 | ns |
| Total n-3 FA | 3.65 ± 0.1200 | 2.63 ± 0.0600 | 3.80 ± 0.0800 | 2.66 ± 0.0800 | ns | p < 0.0001 | ns |
| ALA (18:3n-3) | 0.32 ± 0.0400 | 0.21 ± 0.0100 | 0.26 ± 0.0400 | 0.20 ± 0.0000 | ns | p = 0.012 | ns |
| EPA (20:5n-3) | 0.25 ± 0.0600 | 0.10 ± 0.0000 | 0.20 ± 0.0000 | 0.10 ± 0.0000 | ns | p = 0.04 | ns |
| DPA (22:5n-3) | 0.44 ± 0.0200 | 0.35 ± 0.0200 | 0.50 ± 0.0300 | 0.40 ± 0.0000 | p = 0.019 | p = 0.0002 | ns |
| DHA (22:6n-3) | 2.64 ± 0.0600 | 2.03 ± 0.0800 | 2.86 ± 0.1100 | 2.01 ± 0.0700 | ns | p < 0.0001 | ns |
| Total n-6 FA | 47.21 ± 1.7400 | 56.93 ± 0.300 | 48.20 ± 0.8800 | 55.50 ± 0.6900 | ns | p < 0.0001 | ns |
| LA (18:2n-6) | 16.44 ± 0.6100 | 20.60 ± 0.5500 | 15.74 ± 1.0600 | 20.45 ± 0.6400 | ns | p < 0.0001 | ns |
| AA (20:4n-6) | 29.24 ± 1.0700 | 34.18 ± 0.5600 | 30.92 ± 0.6800 | 32.76 ± 0.7100 | ns | p = 0.0006 | ns |
| LA/ALA | 56.47 ± 9.1500 | 105.8 ± 5.9000 | 58.47 ± 4.5100 | 99.92 ± 3.6000 | ns | p < 0.0001 | ns |
| AA/DHA | 11.1 ± 0.5900 | 16.81 ± 0.5600 | 10.85 ± 0.2800 | 16.31 ± 0.3900 | ns | p < 0.0001 | ns |
| DHA/DPA | 5.96 ± 0.3100 | 6.02 ± 0.3200 | 5.98 ± 0.3800 | 5.37 ± 0.1100 | ns | ns | ns |
| Female | |||||||
| Total SFA | 34.55 ± 0.3100 | 34.90 ± 0.2500 | 35.02 ± 0.3800 | 35.02 ± 0.1900 | ns | ns | ns |
| Total trans FA | 0.12 ± 0.0100 | 0.10 ± 0.0000 | 0.10 ± 0.0000 | 0.10 ± 0.0000 | ns | ns | ns |
| Total MUFA | 13.74 ± 0.7800 | 8.82 ± 0.5600 | 12.45 ± 0.7300 | 7.81 ± 0.3700 | ns | p < 0.0001 | ns |
| Total n-9 FA | 11.20 ± 0.6900 | 6.63 ± 0.4700 | 9.94 ± 0.6400 | 5.75 ± 0.2900 | ns | p < 0.0001 | ns |
| Total n-7 FA | 2.45 ± 0.0900 | 2.13 ± 0.1000 | 2.40 ± 0.0800 | 1.95 ± 0.0900 | ns | p = 0.0005 | ns |
| Total n-3 FA | 4.94 ± 0.1500 | 3.86 ± 0.0500 | 4.92 ± 0.1500 | 3.96 ± 0.0500 | ns | p < 0.0001 | ns |
| ALA (18:3n-3) | 0.28 ± 0.0400 | 0.14 ± 0.0100 | 0.20 ± 0.0000 | 0.15 ± 0.0200 | ns | p = 0.0009 | ns |
| EPA (20:5n-3) | 0.15 ± 0.0300 | 0.10 ± 0.0000 | 0.10 ± 0.0000 | 0.04 ± 0.0200 | p = 0.014 | p = 0.014 | ns |
| DPA (22:5n-3) | 0.27 ± 0.0200 | 0.21 ± 0.0100 | 0.20 ± 0.0200 | 0.20 ± 0.0000 | p = 0.04 | ns | ns |
| DHA (22:6n-3) | 4.22 ± 0.1300 | 3.48 ± 0.0600 | 4.41 ± 0.1400 | 3.56 ± 0.0600 | ns | p < 0.0001 | ns |
| Total n-6 FA | 46.64 ± 0.7700 | 52.27 ± 0.6200 | 47.48 ± 0.6600 | 53.40 ± 0.4400 | ns | p < 0.0001 | ns |
| LA (18:2n-6) | 14.20 ± 0.9800 | 16.02 ± 0.8100 | 13.51 ± 0.9000 | 16.98 ± 0.7800 | ns | p = 0.006 | ns |
| AA (20:4n-6) | 30.94 ± 0.8500 | 34.01 ± 0.8300 | 32.38 ± 0.4400 | 34.25 ± 0.6000 | ns | p = 0.002 | ns |
| LA/ALA | 52.21 ± 4.8400 | 111.01 ± 5.3400 | 79.22 ± 6.2600 | 118.23 ± 2.8600 | p = 0.004 | p < 0.0001 | ns |
| AA/DHA | 7.34 ± 0.1400 | 9.77 ± 0.2400 | 7.34 ± 0.1500 | 9.31 ± 0.2300 | ns | p < 0.0001 | ns |
| DHA/DPA | 16.87 ± 1.0800 | 17.27 ± 1.1100 | 20.65 ± 1.0100 | 18.39 ± 0.6700 | p = 0.02 | ns | ns |
Data are presented as mean ± standard error of the mean (SEM). Two-way ANOVA was performed for statistical analysis with maternal diet and postnatal diet as two factors. n = 5–8. LLA: low linoleic acid; HLA: high linoleic acid; PN: postnatal; FA: fatty acid; SFA: saturated fatty acid; MUFA: monosaturated fatty acid; ALA: α- linolenic acid; EPA: eicosapentaenoic acid; DPA: docosapentaenoic acid; DHA: docosahexaenoic acid; LA: linoleic acid; AA: arachidonic acid.