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(a) Serum indoxyl sulfate (IS) levels of Sprague-Dawley rats at the beginning and at the end of the 16 weeks administration of the synbiotic. (b) Differences of the means for final IS concentrations with 95% Tukey simultaneous confidence intervals (If an interval does not contain zero, the corresponding means are significantly different). Nef: nephrectomized rats not receiving the synbiotic, Lac: nephrectomized rats receiving the synbiotic, Control: sham-nephrectomized rats.
