DC	dendritic cell
cDC	conventional DC
pDC	plasmacytoid dendritic DC
moDC	dendritic cell derived from monocytes
Mφs	macrophages
PAMP	pathogen associated molecular pattern
PRRs	pattern recognition receptors
TLR	toll-like receptor
RLR	retinoic acid-inducible gene I-like receptor
NLR	NOD-like receptor
NFIL3	IL-3-regulated protein
LAG-3	lymphocyte activation marker 3
IBD	inflammatory bowel disease
CD	Crohn’s disease
UC	ulcerative colitis
GM-CSF	granulocyte/Mφ colony stimulating factor
SCFA	short chain fatty acid
TGF	transforming growth factor
PD-1	programmed death receptor 1
PD-L1	programmed death receptor 1 ligand
IECs	intestinal epithelium cells
CARD9	caspase recruitment domain 9
Th	T helper cells
PPARγ	peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ
RA	retinoic acid
DSS	dextran sulphate sodium
WASP	Wiskott–Aldrich syndrome protein
Dab2	disabled homolog 2
inf-DCs	inflammatory DCs
ROS	reactive oxygen species
IDO	indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase
Trp	tryptophan
Kyn	kynurenine
NF-κB	nuclear factor kappa B subunit
TGF	transforming growth factor
TNF,	tumor necrosis factor
VEGF	vascular endothelial growth factor
GF	germ free