Table 1.
Mycotoxin contamination detected in maize silages in Flanders, Belgium, from 2016 until 2018.
| Mycotoxin | Positive Samples (%) | Mean Concentration a (µg/kg DM) | Median Concentration (µg/kg DM) | Max. Concentration (µg/kg DM) | Samples Exceeding EU Recommendation (%) b | |||||||||||||||
| 2016 | 2017 | 2018 | 2016–2018 | 2016 | 2017 | 2018 | 2016–2018 | 2016 | 2017 | 2018 | 2016–2018 | 2016 | 2017 | 2018 | 2016–2018 | 2016 | 2017 | 2018 | 2016–2018 | |
| n samples | 49 | 47 | 37 | 133 | 49 | 47 | 37 | 133 | 49 | 47 | 37 | 133 | 49 | 47 | 37 | 133 | 49 | 47 | 37 | 133 |
| NIV c | 100 | 97.9 | 94.6 | 97.7 | / | / | / | / | / | / | / | / | / | / | / | / | ||||
| DON | 98.0 | 100 | 94.6 | 97.7 | 258 | 1334 | 370 | 670 | 201 | 621 | 222 | 287 | 742 | 8912 | 4466 | 8912 | 0 | 21.3 | 2.7 | 8.3 |
| 3-ADON | n.d. | 29.8 | 2.7 | 11.3 | n.d. | 23 | 29 | 16 | n.d. | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.d. | 183 | 1080 | 1080 | ||||
| 15-ADON | 12.2 | 66.0 | 29.7 | 36.1 | 6.3 | 137 | 49 | 64 | 0 | 80 | 0 | 0 | 108 | 520 | 285 | 520 | ||||
| DON+ d | 98.0 | 100 | 97.3 | 98.5 | 265 | 1495 | 449 | 750 | 226 | 725 | 282 | 318 | 742 | 9583 | 5710 | 9583 | ||||
| ZEN | 4.1 | 74.5 | 32.4 | 36.8 | 11 | 449 | 129 | 199 | 0 | 225 | 0 | 0 | 367 | 3124 | 1428 | 3124 | 0 | 27.7 | 8.1 | 12.0 |
| ENN B | 95.9 | 85.1 | 83.8 | 88.7 | 115 | 78 | 62 | 88 | 63 | 66 | 52 | 57 | 658 | 396 | 353 | 658 | ||||
| AME | 14.3 | 14.9 | 2.7 | 11.3 | 23 | 16 | 5.8 | 16 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 264 | 154 | 214 | 264 | ||||
| FB1 | n.d. | 23.4 | 64.9 | 26.3 | n.d. | 48 | 184 | 68 | n.d. | 0 | 71 | 0 | n.d. | 715 | 1871 | 1871 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| FB2 | n.d. | 4.3 | 27.0 | 9.0 | n.d. | 3.0 | 38 | 12 | n.d. | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.d. | 79 | 449 | 449 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| FB3 | n.d. | n.d. | 13.5 | 3.8 | n.d. | n.d. | 9.8 | 2.7 | n.d. | n.d. | 0 | 0 | n.d. | n.d. | 177 | 177 | ||||
| FUM d | n.d. | 23.4 | 64.9 | 26.3 | n.d. | 51 | 232 | 82 | n.d. | 0 | 71 | 0 | n.d. | 795 | 2497 | 2497 | ||||
| ROQ-C | 10.2 | 6.4 | 2.7 | 6.8 | 49 | 18 | 0.4 | 24 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1065 | 428 | 14 | 1065 | ||||
| SUM | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 463 | 2107 | 877 | 1159 | 426 | 1303 | 609 | 625 | 1565 | 10,899 | 6329 | 10,899 | ||||
n.d.: Not detected. /: not quantified. a Arithmetic mean. b EU regulations: 2000 µg/kg for DON (complementary and complete feedstuffs for calves (<4 months)); 500 µg/kg for ZEN (complementary and complete feedstuffs for calves and dairy cattle); 20,000 µg/kg for FB1 + FB2 (calves (<4 months)); 250 µg/kg for T2 (compound feed) [55,56]. c Due to excessive interference by non-targeted compounds, reliable quantitative analysis of NIV could not be performed. However, its presence or absence could be established. d DON+ = the sum of the incidence/concentrations of DON, 3-ADON and 15-ADON; FUM = the sum of the incidence/concentrations of FB1, FB2 and FB3; SUM = The sum of the incidence/concentrations of all detected mycotoxins, except NIV.