Table 2.
Walking and spasticity outcomes.
| Wash-in Phase | Intervention Phase | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| T1 | T2 | Difference | p-Value | Effect Size | T3 | T4 | Difference | p-Value | Effect Size | |
| Walking Assessments | ||||||||||
| Walking Speed (m/s) | ||||||||||
| LT + TSS | 0.47 (0.25) | 0.63 (0.30) | 0.16 (0.11) | 0.05 | 0.53 | 0.66 (0.38) | 0.82 (0.28) | 0.16 (0.13) | 0.03 | 0.43 |
| LT + TSSsham | 0.18 (0.08) | 0.30 (0.11) | 0.12 (0.05) | 0.03 | 1.15 | 0.32 (0.14) | 0.38 (0.21) | 0.06 (0.08) | 0.12 | 0.31 |
| Walking Distance (m) | ||||||||||
| LT + TSS | 57.07 (7.88) | 73.65 (27.64) | 16.58 (20.21) | 0.12 | 0.66 | 69.27 (28.84) | 84.52 (29.30) | 15.25 (9.81) | 0.03 | 0.48 |
| LT + TSSsham | 22.70 (2.81) | 39.13 (14.69) | 19.08 (13.17) | 0.04 | 1.35 | 45.05 (18.43) | 51.90 (23.59) | 6.85 (7.82) | 0.12 | 0.30 |
| Step Length Asymmetry (unitless) | ||||||||||
| LT + TSS | 0.54 (0.02) | 0.54 (0.02) | 0.00 (0.03) | 0.92 | 0.09 | 0.53 (0.01) | 0.53 (0.02) | 0.00 (0.02) | 0.75 | 0.13 |
| LT + TSSsham | 0.57 (0.07) | 0.54 (0.05) | −0.03 (0.06) | 0.27 | 0.49 | 0.54 (0.03) | 0.52 (0.02) | −0.02 (0.03) | 0.47 | 0.68 |
| Spasticity Assessments | ||||||||||
| Pendulum: More Impaired LE (degrees) | ||||||||||
| LT + TSS | 60.00 (11.84) | 54.61 (21.95) | −5.39 (22.32) | 0.40 | 0.29 | 54.18 (20.67) | 54.90 (15.22) | 0.72 (8.88) | 0.89 | 0.04 |
| LT + TSSsham | 60.43 (23.60) | 63.24 (18.83) | 2.81 (19.00) | 0.48 | 0.12 | 57.42 (19.74) | 63.98 (20.04) | 6.56 (18.00) | 0.40 | 0.31 |
| Pendulum: Less Impaired LE (degrees) | ||||||||||
| LT + TSS | 67.42 (20.06) | 69.47 (24.98) | 2.05 (16.09) | 0.48 | 0.09 | 64.97 (34.24) | 71.55 (27.90) | 6.58 (13.19) | 0.26 | 0.20 |
| LT + TSSsham | 60.52 (22.06) | 66.62 (19.01) | 6.10 (15.88) | 0.26 | 0.28 | 56.72 (16.86) | 63.61 (22.19) | 6.88 (18.72) | 0.16 | 0.33 |
| Ankle clonus: More Impaired LE (number of oscillations) | ||||||||||
| LT + TSS | 8.21 (7.10) | 6.54 (7.58) | −1.67 (9.62) | 0.50 | 0.21 | 9.88 (10.03) | 10.42 (11.57) | 0.54 (3.69) | 1.00 | 0.05 |
| LT + TSSsham | 14.75 (16.36) | 13.96 (16.63) | −0.79 (7.93) | 1.00 | 0.05 | 14.13 (15.83) | 13.19 (18.51) | −0.94 (6.57) | 0.74 | 0.05 |
| Ankle clonus: Less Impaired LE (number of oscillations) | ||||||||||
| LT + TSS | 4.67 (2.87) | 4.83 (4.86) | 0.17 (5.47) | 0.89 | 0.04 | 6.29 (6.62) | 5.88 (7.52) | −0.42 (3.08) | 0.92 | 0.06 |
| LT + TSSsham | 17.83 (19.04) | 18.25 (22.48) | 0.42 (12.62) | 0.23 | 0.02 | 12.38 (18.47) | 16.00 (21.97) | 3.63 (10.96) | 0.35 | 0.17 |
Abbreviations: T1, testing session 1; T2, testing session 2; T3, testing session 3; T4, testing session 4; LT + TSS, locomotor training and transcutaneous spinal cord stimulation group; LT + TSSsham, locomotor training and sham stimulation group; LE, lower extremity.