Table 3.
TRPV1–4 Expression and Function at the blood–brain barrier (BBB).
| Studies | Species | BBB Source | Existence | Gene/Protein Analysis | Functional Stimulation | Functional Inhibition |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| TRPV1 | ||||||
| Golech et al. [44] | Human | Cultured BMECs (Brain microvascular endothelial cells, passage 7–10) isolated from micro vessels/capillaries | + | RT-PCR (Reverse Transcription-polymerase Chain Reaction), IF (Immunofluorescence) | Capsaicin; AM404; endocannabinoids including 2-arachidonoyl-glycerol (2-AG), anandamide (ANA) and methanandamide (m-ANA) (37 °C, 30 s) | Capsazepine; Ca2+-free medium |
| Hu et al. [62] | Rat | Isolated single venular capillaries (transendothelial electrical resistance (TEER) value 2400 Ω cm2) | + | - | Capsaicin (37 °C, 60 s) | Capsazepine |
| Brown et al. [63] | Mouse | 1. Isolated mouse brain micro vessels; 2. bEnd.3 cells | - | RT-PCR | - | - |
| Hatano et al. [44] | Human | Cultured BMECs | - | RT-PCR, q-PCR | - | - |
| Zhang et al. [64] | Mouse | Isolated BMECs | + | RNA Sequencing | - | - |
| Yang et al. [65] | Mouse | 1. In situ identification in murine capillaries marked by CD31; 2. bEnd.3 murine BBB cell line | + | 1. IF; 2. IF, WB (Western blot) | - | Capsazepine |
| Luo et al. [66] | Human and Rat | 1. Human: primary culture of isolated BMECs; 2. Human BBB cell line hCMEC/D3; 3. Rat: isolated capillaries and primary culture of isolated BMECs | + | q-PCR | - | Capsazepine |
| TRPV2 | ||||||
| Brown et al. [63] | Mouse | 1. Isolated mouse brain micro vessels; 2. bEnd.3 cells | + | RT-PCR | Hypoosmotic stress | Ruthenium Red; Ca2+-free medium containing EDTA |
| Hatano et al. [46] | Human | Cultured BMECs | + | RT-PCR, qPCR | - | - |
| Zhang et al. [64] | Mouse | Freshly isolated BMECs | + | RNA Sequencing | - | - |
| Luo et al. [45] | Human and Rat | 1. Human: primary culture of isolated BMECs; 2. Human BBB cell line hCMEC/D3; 3. Rat: isolated capillaries and primary culture of isolated BMECs | + | q-PCR, IF, WB | Cannabidiol (37 °C, 10 min); Heat | Tranilast; Ruthenium Red; siRNA targeting TRPV2 |
| TRPV3 | ||||||
| Brown et al. [63] | Mouse | 1. Isolated mouse brain micro vessels; 2. bEnd.3 cells | - | RT-PCR | - | - |
| Hatano et al. [45] | Human | Cultured BMECs | - | RT-PCR | - | - |
| Zhang et al. [64] | Mouse | Freshly isolated BMECs | - | RNA Sequencing | - | - |
| Luo et al. [66] | Human and Rat | 1. Human: primary culture of isolated BMECs; 2. Human BBB cell line hCMEC/D3; 3. Rat: isolated capillaries and primary culture of isolated BMECs | - | q-PCR | - | - |
| TRPV4 | ||||||
| Brown et al. [63] | Mouse | 1. Isolated mouse brain micro vessels; 2. bEnd.3 cells | + | RT-PCR | Hypoosmotic stress; 4αPDD (37 °C) | Ruthenium Red; Ca2+-free medium containing EDTA |
| Sullivan et al. [67] | Human | Cultured BMECs (passage 3–4) | + | RT-PCR, IF | GSK1016790A; 4αPDD (37 °C, 0.03–0.57 s) | HC-067047 |
| Hatano et al. [46] | Human | Cultured BMECs | + | RT-PCR, qPCR, IF | Hypoosmotic stress; 4αPDD (37 °C) | Ruthenium Red; Ca2+-free medium containing EDTA; siRNA targeting TRPV4 |
| Zhang et al. [64] | Mouse | Freshly isolated BMECs | + | RNA Sequencing | - | - |
| Harraz et al. [61] | Mouse | Freshly isolated BMECs | + | - | GSK1016790A; 4αPDD; Carbachol (37 °C) | HC-067047; Ruthenium Red; TRPV4-KO mice |
| Luo et al. [66] | Human and Rat | 1. Human: primary culture of isolated BMECs; 2. Human BBB cell line hCMEC/D3; 3. Rat: isolated capillaries and primary culture of isolated BMECs | + | q-PCR, IF, WB | GSK1016790A(37 °C, <2 min) | RN-1734; Ruthenium Red |