Figure 2.

Garcinol reduced Lp(a)-induced reactive oxygen species (ROS) production and cytotoxicity in Ventricular cardiomyocyte AC16 cells. (A) Different concentrations of garcinol did not affect the viability of cardiomyocytes, but garcinol inhibited the cell cytotoxicity induced by Lp(a) in concentration-dependent manners. (B) Reduced alterations in morphology of Lp(a)-treated cardiomyocytes with simultaneous garcinol treatment. scale bars = 20 μm. (C) Garcinol inhibited Lp(a)-induced apoptosis in AC16 cell. Annexin V-PE/7-AAD dual staining was to detect apoptosis. (D) Garcinol suppressed Lp(a)-induced ROS production in human ventricular cardiomyocyte AC16 cells. AC16 were exposed to Lp(a) (1 μM), garcinol (2.5 μM) or Lp(a) (1 μM) with 6 h pretreatment with garcinol (2.5 μM). Six and 24 h after stimulation, AC16 cells were then incubated with DCFH-DA (20, 70-dichlorodihydrofluorescein diacetate), and the level of ROS production was detected by FACStar flow cytometer. (E) Ventricular cardiomyocyte AC16 cells were pretreated with Lp(a) (1 μM), garcinol (2.5 μM) or Lp(a) (1 μM) and mitochondrial superoxide mtO2^•− production-specific dye, MitoSOX^TM Red, before flow exposure. (F) The protein and (G) mRNA expression levels of α7-nAChR were significantly decreased by garcinol in a dose-dependent manner. * p < 0.05, ** p < 0.01, *** p < 0.001.