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. 2021 Mar 16;10(3):461. doi: 10.3390/antiox10030461

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© 2021 by the authors.

Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

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Garcinol inhibited the α7-nAChR-mediated phosphorylation and expression of adhesion molecules as well as RhoA-GTP activity in cardiomyocyte AC16 cells. (A) Western blot analysis showed that garcinol dose-dependently decreased the Lp(a)-induced activation of α7-nAChR and phosphorylation of CamKII, p38 MAPK and ERK. (B) Densitometry analysis of the immunoblots, shown as bar graphs normalized to β-actin. (C) Representative image of Western blot and (D) quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) mRNA analysis showing the dose-dependent reduction of Lp(a)-induced vascular cell adhesion molecule 1 (VCAM-1), intercellular adhesion molecule 1 (ICAM-1), and E-selectin expression by garcinol. (E) and (F) The Lp(a)-induced activation of the RhoA-GTP/Rho-kinases (ROCK1, ROCK2) were dose-dependently decreased by garcinol. * p < 0.05, ** p < 0.01, *** p < 0.001.