Table 4.
Major essential oil components of Monarda species from geographical locations around the world.
| Monarda spp. | Plant Tissue | Collection Site | Composition (Major Components) | Ref. |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| M. citriodora | Aerial parts | Jammu, India (cultivated) | Thymol (82.3%), carvacrol (4.8%) | [13] |
| M. citriodora | Aerial parts | Imola (BO) Italy (cultivated) | Thymol (19.6%), p-cymene (15.6%), γ-terpinene (13.5%), carvacrol (9.3%), α-terpinene (9.2%), myrcene (5.7%) | [14] |
| M. citriodora | Not reported | Commercial (India) | (E)-β-Caryophyllene (19.2%), citral a (13.3%), limonene (11.8%), cis-verbenol (11.4%), geraniol (7.6%), citronellal (5.6%) | [15] |
| M. citriodora var. citriodora | Leaves | Liverpool, UK (cultivated) | Thymol (50.7%), p-cymene (22.8%), carvacrol (3.6%) | [16] |
| M. citriodora var. citriodora | Flowers | Liverpool, UK (cultivated) | Thymol (61.8%), γ-terpinene (13.3%), p-cymene (4.2%), carvacrol (3.8%) | [16] |
| M. citriodora var. citriodora | Aerial parts | Liverpool, UK (cultivated) | Thymol (56.9%), p-cymene (13.0%), α-terpinene (10.0%), carvacrol (4.3%) | [17] |
| M. citriodora var. citriodora | Aerial parts | Commercial (unknown) | Thymol (70.6%), p-cymene (10.6%), carvacrol (6.1%) | [18] |
| M. fistulosa | Aerial parts | Krasnodarsk Krai, Russia (introduced, wild) | p-Cymene (32.5%), carvacrol (23.9%), thymol (12.6%), carvacrol methyl ether (5.5%), unidentified aliphatic aldehyde (6.3%) | [19] |
| M. fistulosa | Aerial parts | Casola Valsenio, Italy (cultivated) | Thymol (26.5%), β-phellandrene (17.0%), α-phellandrene (13.7%), p-cymene (13.5%), myrcene (8.1%) | [20] |
| M. fistulosa | Aerial parts | Saint-Jean-sur-Richelieu, QC, Canada (cultivated) | Geraniol (61.8%), geranyl formate (16.6%), geranial (10.6%), neral (6.6%) | [21] |
| M. fistulosa | Aerial parts | Poplarville, MS, USA (cultivated) | Carvacrol (39.1%), p-cymene (35.4%), (−)-1-octen-3-ol | [22] |
| M. fistulosa | Aerial parts | Imola (BO) Italy (cultivated) | Thymol (31.6%), β-phellandrene (18.1%), α-phellandrene (14.2%), p-cymene (13.1%), myrcene (8.8%) | [23] |
| M. fistulosa | Aerial parts | Imola (BO) Italy (cultivated) | Thymol (28.4%), β-phellandrene (16.9%), α-phellandrene (13.7%), p-cymene (13.3%), myrcene (8.7%) | [24] |
| M. fistulosa | Aerial parts | Imola (BO) Italy (cultivated) | Thymol (33.4%), β-phellandrene (18.0%), α-phellandrene (14.0%), p-cymene (13.2%), myrcene (8.6%) | [24] |
| M. fistulosa | Aerial parts | Ravenna, Italy (cultivated) | γ-Terpinene (25.2%), carvacrol (24.3%), p-cymene (11.0%; reported as o-cymene), thymol (8.4%), α-terpinene (5.0%), thymol methyl ether (4.7%) | [25] |
| M. fistulosa | Aerial parts | Chişinău, Republic of Moldova (cultivated) | Carvacrol (54.8%), p-cymene (23.2%), carvacrol methyl ether (5.9%) | [26] |
| M. fistulosa | Flowers | Gallatin Valley, MT, USA (wild) | Carvacrol (45.7%), p-cymene (25.6%), γ-terpinen (6.8%), thymol (3.1%) | [27] |
| M. fistulosa | Leaves | Gallatin Valley, MT, USA (wild) | Carvacrol (71.5%), p-cymene (13.1%), γ-terpinen (2.5%), thymol (3.3%) | [27] |
| M. fistulosa | Aerial parts | Moscow, Russia (cultivated) | α-Terpineol (37.7%), 1-octen-3-ol (10.5%), geraniol (10.4%), thymol (9.3%), p-cymene (4.9%) | [28] |
| M. fistulosa cv. Fortuna | Aerial parts | Kherson, Ukraine (cultivated) | Thymol (77.3%), carvacrol methyl ether (4.9%), carvacrol (3.8%) | [6] |
| M. fistulosa cv. Premiera | Aerial parts | Kherson, Ukraine (cultivated) | Thymol (78.3%), carvacrol methyl ether (4.8%), carvacrol (3.6%) | [6] |
| M. fistulosa var. menthifolia | Aerial parts | Morden, Manitoba, Canada (cultivated) | Geraniol (86.8%) | [29] |
| M. punctata | Flowers | Xi’an, China (cultivated?) | Thymol (75.2%), p-cymene (6.7%), limonene (5.4%), carvacrol (3.5%) | [30] |
a Isomer not indicated.