Table 4.
Metabolites quantified in urine fractions (Figure 1) after consuming lemon or orange extract.
| Lemon Extract | Orange Extract | ||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Nº | Metabolites | F1 | F2 | F3 | F4 | Total F | F1 | F2 | F3 | F4 | Total F |
| M1 | Eriodictyol glucuronide-1 | 3.2 ± 5.9 | 9.6 ± 15.5 | 4.5 ± 6.2 | 0.7 ± 0.7 | 18.0 ± 28.4 | – | 0.4 ± 0.3 | 0.1 ± 0.1 | 0.05 ± 0.05 | 0.6 ± 0.4 |
| M2 | Eriodictyol glucuronide-2 | 6.4 ± 11.0 | 18.0 ± 17.2 | 18.1 ± 19.7 | 4.2 ± 5.7 | 46.6 ± 53.6 ** | 0.1 ± 0.1 | 0.5 ± 0.8 | 0.5 ± 0.6 | 1.4 ± 3.4 | 2.5 ± 4.9 |
| M3 | Naringenin 7-O-glucuronide | 1.0 ± 0.7 | 2.6 ± 4.0 | 1.7 ± 1.9 | 0.3 ± 0.3 | 5.7 ± 6.9 *** | 0.1 ± 0.1 | 0.2 ± 0.6 | 0.2 ± 0.2 | 0.2 ± 0.3 | 0.7 ± 1.5 |
| M4 | Eriodictyol glucuronide-3 | 9.4 ± 16.9 | 33.8 ± 64.1 | 27.7 ± 40.1 | 4.3 ± 6.4 | 75.1 ± 128 * | 0.1 ± 0.2 | 0.5 ± 0.9 | 0.7 ± 0.7 | 2.1 ± 4.5 | 3.4 ± 6.2 |
| M5 | Naringenin 4′-O-glucuronide | 0.8 ± 0.5 | 1.7 ± 2.7 | 1.3 ± 1.5 | 0.4 ± 0.3 | 4.2 ± 5.0 *** | 0.1 ± 0.1 | 0.3 ± 0.5 | 0.3 ± 0.4 | 0.3 ± 0.5 | 1.0 ± 1.5 |
| M6 | Homoeriodictyol glucuronide | 13.9 ± 16.2 | 48.1 ± 90.0 | 37.2 ± 56.9 | 6.8 ± 8.0 | 106 ± 171 | – | – | – | – | – |
| M7 | Hesperetin 7-O-glucuronide | 1.2 ± 1.4 | 4.0 ± 4.7 | 2.7 ± 2.5 | 0.6 ± 0.6 | 8.5 ± 9.2 *** | 0.2 ± 0.6 | 2.1 ± 5.7 | 2.2 ± 3.6 | 1.1 ± 3.3 | 5.6 ± 13.2 |
| M8 | Hesperetin 3′-O-glucuronide | 2.1 ± 2.3 | 10.7 ± 11.3 | 9.2 ± 7.7 | 2.2 ± 2.4 | 24.2 ± 23.7 *** | 0.5 ± 1.5 | 4.3 ± 11.5 | 3.3 ± 4.2 | 1.8 ± 1.6 | 9.9 ± 18.9 |
| M10 | Homoeriodictyol sulfate | 3.8 ± 3.2 | 4.0 ± 5.5 | 3.6 ± 4.1 | 0.5 ± 0.4 | 9.6 ± 11.3 | – | – | – | – | – |
| M13 | Eriodictyol sulfate | 4.6 ± 5.0 | 14.6 ± 17.3 | 11.9 ± 12.6 | 1.5 ± 1.5 | 32.6 ± 36.5 *** | 0.02 ± 0.01 | 0.1 ± 0.1 | 0.2 ± 0.4 | 0.3 ± 0.4 | 0.6 ± 0.9 |
| M14 | Hesperetin 3′-O-sulfate | 1.9 ± 2.6 | 4.3 ± 4.5 | 3.3 ± 3.1 | 0.7 ± 0.6 | 9.0 ± 9.1 * | 0.1 ± 0.3 | 1.2 ± 3.3 | 1.9 ± 3.1 | 0.6 ± 0.6 | 3.8 ± 7.3 |
| Total excretion (24 h): | 339 ± 482 *** | 28 ± 55 | |||||||||
Values expressed as µg/mg creatinine (mean ± SD). Nº, metabolite according to Figure 2 and Table 3. F1: Fraction collected from 0 to 4 h after consuming lemon or orange extract; F2: Fraction collected from 4 to 8 h; F3: Fraction collected from 8 to 10 h; F4: Fraction collected at 24 h; Total F (24 h), sum of the fractions F1, F2, F3 and F4. * p < 0.05; ** p < 0.01; *** p < 0.001.