Table 5.
Plasma pharmacokinetic parameters of the quantified metabolites after consuming lemon or orange (hesperidin) extract.
| Tmax (h) | Cmax (nM) | AUC0-t (nM·h) | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Nº | Metabolites | Lemon | Hesperidin | Lemon | Hesperidin | Lemon | Hesperidin |
| M1 | Eriodictyol glucuronide-1 | 5.9 ± 2.4 | — | 103.9 ± 85.8 | — | 282.6 ± 271.3 | — |
| M2 | Eriodictyol glucuronide-2 | 5.9 ± 2.4 | — | 871.3 ± 868.0 | — | 3222 ± 4118 | — |
| M3 | Naringenin 7-O-glucuronide | 5.4 ± 2.5 * | 7.3 ± 2.2 | 56.7 ± 44.2 *** | 4.7 ± 3.6 | 202.7 ± 187.1 *** | 18.8 ± 19.0 |
| M4 | Eriodictyol glucuronide-3 | 5.9 ± 2.6 | — | 638.6 ± 801.8 | — | 2291 ± 3491 | — |
| M5 | Naringenin 4′-O-glucuronide | 5.7 ± 2.3 * | 7.7 ± 2.0 | 35.8 ± 25.9 *** | 7.3 ± 5.9 | 129.4 ± 124.0 *** | 26.7 ± 27.7 |
| M6 | Homoeriodictyol glucuronide | 6.1 ± 2.4 | — | 780.5 ± 863.2 | — | 3133 ± 4170 | — |
| M7 | Hesperetin 7-O-glucuronide | 6.3 ± 2.0 * | 8.3 ± 1.6 | 169.1 ± 109.4 *** | 49.6 ± 51.7 | 703.3 ± 590.5 *** | 176.7 ± 249.5 |
| M8 | Hesperetin 3′-O-glucuronide | 6.4 ± 2.0 * | 8.4 ± 1.6 | 198.5 ± 103.7 * | 106.8 ± 128.5 | 802.8 ± 568.8 * | 408.9 ± 643.2 |
| M10 | Homoeriodictyol sulfate | 6.5 ± 2.2 | — | 479.4 ± 524.0 | — | 1778 ± 2257 | — |
| M13 | Eriodictyol sulfate | 5.7 ± 2.5 | — | 1706 ± 1510 | — | 6120 ± 6631 | — |
| M14 | Hesperetin 3′-O-sulfate | 6.5 ± 1.9 *** | 8.4 ± 1.5 | 527.0 ± 357.8 *** | 177.9 ± 285.8 | 2037 ± 1809 *** | 635.3 ± 1167 |
| Total: | 5724 ± 5432 * | 347 ± 475 | 21060 ± 24531 * | 1266 ± 2106 | |||
Nº, metabolite according to Figure 2 and Table 3; –, not determined; Tmax, time of maximum concentration; Cmax, maximum concentration; AUC0-t, area under the curve from the time of dosing to the final quantifiable concentration. Asterisks designate a significant difference between consumption of lemon extract and hesperidin (* p < 0.05; *** p < 0.001).