Table 2.
Summary of studies on pharmacological effects of plant-derived polyphenols and plant extracts in clinical trials and ex vitro model.
| Polyphenols/Plant Extracts | Study Design | Effects | Ref. |
|---|---|---|---|
| Curcumin | - double-blind, randomized clinical trial, - pregnant women with preeclampsia (n = 47), - dose of curcumin: 100 mg once daily. |
- no significant differences in level of markers in serum of patients. | [91] |
| Epigallocatechin gallate | - double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled clinical trial, - pregnant women with severe pre-eclampsia (n = 304 patients), - dose of epigallocatechin gallate: (1) 100 mg with 10 mg nifedipine, (2) 100 mg without nifedipine. |
- more effective of the combination of two drugs in therapy, - reducing time needed to control blood pressure after combinational treatment, - lower number of treatment doses needed to control blood pressure after combinational treatment, - decreasing the side effects of nifedipine, i.e., vomiting and hypotension after epigallocatechin gallate. |
[92] |
| Resveratrol | - double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled clinical trial, - pregnant women with severe pre-eclampsia (n = 349 patients), - dose of resveratrol: 50 mg (up to five dosages) with nifedipine: 10mg (up to five dosages). |
- more effective of the combination of two drugs in therapy, - reducing time needed to control blood pressure after resveratrol with nifedipine, - lower number of treatment doses needed to control blood pressure after combinational treatment, - decreasing the side effects of nifedipine, that is, vomiting and hypotension after resveratrol. |
[93] |
| Silibinin | - 20 women with diagnosed preeclampsia, - collected blood samples from women with preeclampsia, - monocyte preparations cultured in the presence of silibinin: 50 µM. |
- increasing the expression of IL-10, - reduced the activation of inflammasome (NLRP1, NLRP3, Caspase-1) and gene expression of NF-κB-pathway, - decreased the NF-κB levels, - decreasing the production of IL-1β, IL-18, and TNF-α. |
[94] |
| - 30 women with diagnosed preeclampsia, - collected blood samples from women with preeclampsia, - peripheral blood mononuclear cells cultured in the presence of silibinin: 5 µM and 50 µM. |
- decreasing the production of TNF-α after silibinin at a concentration of 50 µM, - inhibiting the spontaneous releasing the reactive oxygen species (superoxide anion and hydrogen peroxide anion). |
[95] | |
| - 30 women with diagnosed preeclampsia, - collected blood samples from women with preeclampsia, - peripheral blood mononuclear cells cultured in the presence of silibinin: 5 µM and 50 µM and LPS-stimulated cells. |
- decreasing the NF-κB activity after silibinin at a concentration of 50 µM, - diminishing the production of TNF-α and IL-1β after silibinin at a concentration of 5 µM and 50 µM. |
[80] | |
| Broccoli sprout extract | - double-blind, placebo-controlled randomized study (phase III)—in progress. | - not yet available. | [128] |
| Silybum marianum | - double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled clinical trial, - women with severe preeclampsia (n = 60), - silymarin (the extract of Silybum marianum) at a dose of 70 mg twice, three hours after birth and 24h later. |
- influencing the liver enzymes (AST, ALT, ALP), - decreasing the level of ALT (trend). |
[129] |