Table 2.
Barriers and facilitators for breast cancer, breast cancer, and cervical cancer screening (both cancers ) in eligible articles of Iran
| Author (Year) | Barriers | Facilitators |
|---|---|---|
| Soltanahmadi (2010) | For SBE, CBEa: | For SBE, CBEa: |
| -Was not recommended by a physician | - Informed about the necessity of performing the screening | |
| - Have no knowledge about the procedure | ||
| - No history of previous breast disease | - Early detection of cancer | |
| -Neglect | - Advised by midwife | |
| For Pap smear: | -Presence of disease in relatives | |
| - Was not recommended by a physician | For Pap smear: | |
| - Have no knowledge about the procedure | - Early detection of cancer | |
| - No history of genital disease previously | - Informed about the necessity of performing the screening | |
| - Shame | - Advised by midwife | |
| - presence of previous genital disease | ||
| Sadatjediarani (2015) | For SBE, Pap smear and Mammography | For SBE, Pap smear and Mammography |
| -Have no problem or disease | -the seriousness of the risk of cancer occurrence | |
| - Have no knowledge about the probability to have cancer | - advised by healthcare providers | |
| - Fear from cancer occurrence | - access to the healthcare left | |
| Allahverdipour (2011) | - Fear of pain | -recommendation from a health care professional (cue to action) |
| - Trouble remembering to get a mammography | ||
| - Lack of time to get a mammogram | ||
| Banaeian (2006) | -Don’t know how to perform SBE | |
| - Have no problem | ||
| Hasani (2011) | -Shame | |
| - The procedure is time-consuming | ||
| - Forget | ||
| - No suitable place for SBE | ||
| - Process of SBE is difficult | ||
| Mokhtari (2014) | For SBE: | |
| - No suitable place for SBE | ||
| For mammography: | ||
| - Trouble remembering the time to get a mammography | ||
| Rejali (2018) | For SBE: | |
| -Have no problem or pain in breasts | ||
| - Don’t know how to perform SBE | ||
| For CBE: | ||
| -Have no problem in breasts, | ||
| For mammography: | ||
| - Have no problem in breasts | ||
| - High cost | ||
| - Fear of pain | ||
| Rezaee Ghazdehi (2013) | -Have no symptom of breast cancer | |
| - Not concerned about breast cancer | ||
| - Not concerned about breast cancer because of no family history | ||
| -Feeling no necessity for performing mammography | ||
| - Not concerned about health status | ||
| - Believe in fate | ||
| - None of the friends had mammograms |
aSBE and CBE, Self-breast exam and clinician breast exam respectively