Table 3.

Overview of the analyses.

Type of Analysis	Outcome	k	MD	p-Value	95% CI	I2	Evidence of Publication Bias
Random-effect meta-analyses
Pooled effect sizes	Diastolic BP	6	−2.029	0.016	−3.676 to 0.383	0.000	No (intercept = 1.060, t(4) = 0.979, p = 0.191)
Pooled effect sizes	Systolic BP	6	−3.894	0.047	−7.736 to 0.053	20.772	No (intercept = −0.636, t(4) = 0.376, p = 0.362)
Sensitivity analyses
Excluding the studies with high risk of bias	Diastolic BP	3	−3.057	0.000	−4.030 to −2.084	0.000	No (intercept = −0.305, t(1) = 0.494, p = 0.353)
Excluding the studies with high risk of bias	Systolic BP	3	−3.544	0.232	−9.359 to 2.271	38.879	No (intercept = −0.448, t(1) = 0.100, p = 0.468)
Sensitivity analyses
MBSR versus wait list	Diastolic BP	2	−0.944	0.565	−4.159–2.271	0.000	N/A
MBSR versus wait list	Systolic BP	2	−5.351	0.313	−15.738–5.035	0.000	N/A
MBSR versus active control conditions	Diastolic BP	4	−2.963	0.108	−3.954–1.973	0.000	No (intercept = 0.748, t(2) = 0.991, p = 0.213)
MBSR versus active control conditions	Systolic BP	4	−3.218	0.197	−8.304–1.818	20.111	No (intercept = −0.123, t(2) = 0.062, p = 0.478)
Moderators (multivariate meta-regression)	Outcome		B	z ( p -value)
Mean age	Diastolic BP	6	0.175	0.94 (0.174)
Percentage of females			−0.013	−0.22 (0.411)
Percentage of participants on anti-hypertensive medications			−0.015	−0.74 (.230)
Moderators (multivariate meta-regression)	Outcome
Mean age	Systolic BP	6	0.253	0.97 (0.165)
Percentage of females			0.043	0.50 (0.309)
Percentage of participants on anti-hypertensive medications			−0.750	−2.73 (0.003)

Notes: BP = blood pressure, k = number of studies included in the analysis, MBSR = mindfulness-based stress reduction, MD = mean difference, CI = confidence interval, N/A = not applicable due to the small number of studies.