Table 2.
Biomarker responses to each condition.
| Hormone | Condition | Pre | Post | % Change | LEA vs. CON p Value |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| P1NP (μg/L) |
LEA-LP | 90.9 ± 11.7 | 77.9 ± 12.2 | −14.9 ± 6.5% | 0.04 |
| LEA-HP | 85.4 ± 11.8 | 61.7 ± 7.6 | −24.8 ± 6.2% | ||
| CON | 85.0 ± 8.2 | 80.8 ± 8.7 | −4.4 ± 5.5% | ||
| CTX-I (ng/mL) | LEA-LP | 1.30 ± 0.16 | 1.39 ± 0.19 | 6.9 ± 6.2% | 0.04 |
| LEA-HP | 1.22 ± 0.10 | 1.23 ± 0.10 | 0.2 ± 2.1% | ||
| CON | 1.47 ± 0.19 | 1.32 ± 0.14 | −8.3 ± 3.9% | ||
| Sclerostin (pmol/L) | LEA-LP | 31.4 ± 2.9 | 36.4 ± 4.7 | 15.0 ± 8.4% | 0.81 |
| LEA-HP | 30.4 ± 3.6 | 30.8 ± 3.5 | 3.2 ± 6.9% | ||
| CON | 28.6 ± 5.4 | 30.3 ± 5.6 | 6.6 ± 9.5% | ||
| Leptin (μg/L) |
LEA-LP | 3.28 ± 1.77 | 1.44 ± 0.89 | −65.5 ± 4.4% | 0.02 |
| LEA-HP | 2.50 ± 1.21 | 1.23 ± 0.75 | −54.3 ± 16.7% | ||
| CON | 3.03 ± 1.24 | 2.57 ± 1.51 | −25.4 ± 11.4% | ||
| IGF-1 (ng/mL) | LEA-LP | 228 ± 30 | 200 ± 27 | −11.8 ± 5.4% | 0.14 |
| LEA-HP | 202 ± 29 | 180 ± 21 | −8.1 ± 7.3% | ||
| CON | 225 ± 33 | 221 ± 20 | 2.9 ± 9.4% | ||
| IGFBP-3 (ng/mL) | LEA-LP | 2418 ± 131 | 2281 ± 111 | −5.2 ± 3.6% | 0.61 |
| LEA-HP | 2282 ± 186 | 2311 ± 80 | 4.1 ± 7.3% | ||
| CON | 2612 ± 132 | 2502 ± 117 | −3.9 ± 2.7% | ||
| IGFR (no units) |
LEA-LP | 0.34 ± 0.05 | 0.32 ± 0.04 | - | 0.15 |
| LEA-HP | 0.34 ± 0.07 | 0.28 ± 0.04 | - | ||
| CON | 0.32 ± 0.06 | 0.32 ± 0.04 | - |
P1NP, CTX-I, Sclerostin, Leptin (n = 7); IGF-1, IGFBP-3, IGFR (n = 6). Abbreviations: P1NP, procollagen type I N-terminal propeptide; CTX-I, type I collagen cross-linked C-telopeptide; IGF1, insulin-like growth factor-1; IGFBP3, insulin-like growth factor binding protein 3; IGFR, insulin-like growth factor ratio; LEA-LP, low energy availability with low protein; LEA-HP, low energy availability with high protein; CON, control.