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. 2021 Feb 28;11(3):176. doi: 10.3390/membranes11030176

Scheme 1.

Scheme 1

Idealized surface functionalization of the IDE glass by reaction of an amino silane (APTES) yielding a layer of amine terminated functional groups followed by reaction with succinic anhydride to convert the amine termination into a carboxylic acid functional group.