| Algorithm 1. Particle Swarm Initialization. |
| 1. Define particle swarm , in which , and , respectively. |
| 2. Construct spatial neighborhoods, each denoted as , . 3. Set the range of equidistant values of particle position points as . 4. for each do 5. Randomly sample a point in each , and all sampled points form a point set . 6. Randomly sample values in interval to form a equidistant set . 7. for each do 8. , and . 9. end for 10. end for |